Chapter 07: Airway
Terms
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- Slow, gasping respiration, sometimes seen in dying patients.
- agonal respirations
- The upper airway tract or the passage above the larynx, which includes the nose, mouth, and throat.
- airway
- A safety system for size D or larger oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas.
- American Standard System
- Absence of breathing.
- apnea
- The introduction of vomit or other foreign material into the lungs.
- aspiration
- A device with face mask attached to a ventilation bag containing a reservoir and connected to oxygen; delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen.
- bag-valve-mask (BVM) device
- A protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve, that limits exposure to a patient's body fluids.
- barrier device
- A body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline.
- bilateral
- A hollow, cylindrical structure that drains or delivers fluids.
- catheter
- Occurs when a foreign body completely obstructs the patient's airway. Patients cannot breathe, talk, or cough.
- complete airway obstruction
- A technique that is used with intubation in which pressure is applied on either side of the cricoid cartilage to prevent gastric distention and allow better visualization of vocal cords; also called the Sellick maneuver.
- cricoid pressure
- A process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration of molecules to an area of lower concentration.
- diffusion
- The part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.
- exhalation
- A normal reflex mechanism that causes retching; activated by touching the soft palate or the back of the throat.
- gag reflex
- A condition in which air fills the stomach as a result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation.
- gastric distention
- A term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with a partial airway obstruction. With good air exchange, the patient is still conscious and able to cough forcefully, although wheezing may be heard.
- good air exchange
- A combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; used for nontrauma patients.
- head tilt-chin lift maneuver
- Backup system to control respirations when oxygen levels fall.
- hypoxic drive
- The active, muscular part of breathing that draws air into the airway and lungs.
- inhalation
- A lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients, resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow; potentially reversible since permanent injury has not yet occurred.
- ischemia
- Technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward; used when a patient may have a cervical spine injury.
- jaw-thrust maneuver
- Breathing that requires visibly increased effort; characterized by grunting, stridor, and use of accessory muscles.
- labored breathing
- The ability of the alveoli to fully expand when air is drawn in on inhalation.
- lung compliance
- The sum of all the physical and chemical processes of living organisms; the process by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism.
- metabolism
- An oxygen delivery device in which oxygen flows through two small, tubelike prongs that fit into the patient's nostrils.
- nasal cannula
- Airway adjunct inserted into the nostril of a conscious patient who is not able to maintain a natural airway.
- nasopharyngeal (nasal or trumpet) airway
- A combination mask and reservoir bag system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting; delivers up to 90% inspired oxygen.
- nonrebreathing mask
- Airway adjunct inserted into the mouth to keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway and to make suctioning the airway easier.
- oropharyngeal (oral) airway
- Condition in which an obstruction leaves the patient able to exchange some air, but also causes some degree of respiratory distress.
- partial airway obstruction
- A system established for portable cylinders to ensure that a regulator is not connected to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas.
- pin-indexing system
- A partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space.
- pneumothorax
- A term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with a partial airway obstruction. With poor air exchange, the patient has a weak, ineffective cough, increased difficulty breathing, possible cyanosis, and may produce a high-pitched noise o
- poor air exchange
- An assessment method that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds.
- pulse oximetry
- A position that helps to maintain a clear airway in a patient with a decreased level of consciousness who has not had traumatic injuries and is breathing on his or her own.
- recovery position
- Movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspiration.
- retractions
- A technique used with intubation, in which pressure is applied on either side of the cricoid cartilage to prevent gastric distention and allow better visualization of vocal cords; also called cricoid pressure.
- Sellick maneuver
- Opening in the neck that connects the trachea directly to the skin.
- stoma
- The amount of air that is delivered to the lungs and airways in one inhalation.
- tidal volume
- A large, semirigid suction tip recommended for suctioning the pharynx; also called a Yankauer tip.
- tonsil tip
- Exchange of air between the lungs and the air of the environment, either spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from an EMT-B.
- ventilation