Anatomy Chapter 2 Vocab
Terms
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- element
- simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
- trace elements
- needed in small amounts in body but still important
- minerals
- inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms. mostly Ca and P
- Isotopes
- elements differ in number of neutrons therefore atomic mass
- radioisotopes
- unstable isotopes
- radioactivity
- process of decay
- ionizing radiation
- high energy radiatino ejects electrons from atoms, converting atoms to ions. Destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissues.
- physical half life
- the time required for 50% of its atoms to decay to a more stable state
- biological half-life
- time required for half of it to disappear from the body
- ions
- are charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons
- anion
- gains electrons acquires a negative charge
- cation
- loses electrons acquires a positive charge
- electrolytes
- salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting eletricity
- Free Radicals
- chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
- antioxident
- chemical that neutralizes free radicals.
- Molecules
- two or more atoms united by a covalent chemical bond
- compounds
- two or more different elements
- isomers
- molecules wtih identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms
- hydrogen
- weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another.
- colloid
- an aqueous mixture of particles that are too large to pass through most selectively permeable membranes but small enough to remain evenly dispersed through the solvent by the thermal motion of solvent particles. protein. scatter light
- suspension
- large particles cloudy or opaque. seperate on standing
- acid
- proton donar
- base
- proton acceptor
- oxidation
- is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy
- Reduction
- a chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy
- oxidizing agent
- electron acceptor
- reducing agent
- electron donar
- polymerization
- the joining of monomers to form a polymer
- dehydration synthesisa
- a reaction in which two chemical monomers are joined together with water produced as a by-product.
- hydrolysis
- water molecule ionizes into OH- and H+. (digestion)
- monosacharrides
- glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
- disacchariseds
- sucrose, lactose, maltose
- polysaccharides
- glycogen, starch, cellulose
- glycogen
- energy-storage polysaccharide made by cells of the liver, muscles, uterus, and vagaina
- starch
- corresponding energy-storage polysaccharide of plants.
- Cellulose
- is structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants. wood cotton and paper
- glycolipids and glycoproteins
- many of the lipid and protein molecules at the external surface of the cell membrane have chains of up to 12 sugars attached to them
- lipid
- hydrophobic organic molecule, usually composed only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- phospholipid
- in place of one fatty acid, they have a phosphate group, which, in turn, is linked to other functional groups
- amphiphilic
- two fatty acid tails on fhte molecule are hydrophobic, but the phosphate head is hydrophilic
- eicosanoids
- 20 Carbon compounds derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid
- steroid
- a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings
- peptide
- is any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds. formed from dehydration synthesis
- Enzymes
- are proteins that function as biological catalysts
- active sites
- the region of a protein that binds to a ligand, such as the substrate-binding site of an enzyme or the hormone-binding site of a receptor
- cofactor
- non protein part neede for enzymes to function
- coenzyme
- are organic cofactors usually derived from water soluble vitamins
- Nucleotides
- are organic compounds with three principal components, single or double bond carbon nitrogen ring, monosaccharide, and one or more phosphate groups
- Adenosine Triphosphate
- briefly stores energy gained from exergonic reactions such as glucose oxidation and releases it within seconds for physiological work such as polymerization reactions, uscle contraction, and pumping ions through cell membranes
- phosphorylation
- carried out by enzymes called kinases (phosphokinases) and is sometimes the switch that turns a metabolic pathway on or off.
- glycolysis
- the first stage of glucose oxidation. sugar splitting
- anerobic fermentation
- when there is no oxygen for pyruvic acid, turns to lactic acid
- aerobic respiration
- when oxygen available breaks down pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water and generates up to 36 or more ATP.
- Nucleic acids
- are polymers of nucleotides. larges of them deoxyribonucleic acid DNA
- DNA
- constitutes our genes, gives instructions for synthesizing all of the body's proteins and transfers hereditary information from cell to cell when cells divide and from generation to generation when organisms reproduce
- RNA
- Carry out those instructions and synthesize the proteins, assembling amino acids in the right order to produce each protein described by DNA