BIO REGENTS IMPORTANT INFO
Terms
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- negative feeback example
- when there is high blood pressure the islets of langerhans secretes insulin to lower it, but that causes glucagon to be secreted which changes glycogen to oxygen and makes the blood level high again
- fluid mosaic model
- model of cell membrane with fats (circles) and proteins (big lumps)
- cell membrane
- regulates the transport of materials into and out of the cell--between cell and environment--controls the nature of cell's internal environment
- cytoplasm
- watery medium for suspension of cell organelles and circulation throughout the cell----site of many chemical reactions
- nucleus
- contains cell's genetic info--allows transfer of it during synthesis and reproduction
- ribosome
- site of protein synthesis---either attached to ER or floats freely
- mitochondrion
- contains enzymes necessary to allow cell to perform certain aspects of chemical respiration, release energy from stored food molecules
- vacuole
- contains water, enzymes, and others-----may serve to store food molecules, nonremovable wastes, or secretion products
- nucleuolus
- functions in cell's synthesis mechanism--forms ribosomes
- endoplasmic reticulum
- intercellular membranes that function in cell's synthesis mechanism--houses ribosomes, accepts manufactured proteins, and transports proteins
- golgi complex
- functions in ell's synthesis mechanism--accepts and transports proteins
- lysosome
- AIDS IN NUTRition by carrything digestive enzymes and by merging with food-containing vacuoles. also may help recycle aging or defective cells
- centriole
- found primarily in animal cells and functions in process of cell division
- chloroplast
- contains chlorophyll---found in plants and algae, where photosynthhesis occurs
- cell wall
- found in plants--probides mechanical support and protection for the cell
- 3 organic compounds commonly found in living things
- water, salts, and acids and bases
- organic
- contain carbon and hydrogen
- 4 elements usually in living things
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
- covalent bonds
- sharing of electrons
- ration of hydrogen to oxgen in carbohydrates
- 2:1
- monosaccharide
- simple sugar---glucose
- dissacharide
- two monosaccarides
- structure of a lipid
- one glycerol and 3 fatty acids
- what element do proteins have that carbohydrates and lipids dont?
- nitrogen
- groups on an amino acic chain
-
carboxyl (COOH group on the right---dehydration synthesis/hydrolysis)
amino group (NH2 group on left)
R group (radical/variable group) - peptide
- name of the actual chemical bond between carbon and nitrogen atoms that join two amino acid units together
- what do carbohydrates break down into?
- simple sugars
- what do lipids break down into
- fatty acids and glycerol
- what do proteins break down into?
- amino acids
- what do nucleic acids break down into?
- nucleotides
- two types of nucleic acids
- DNA and Rna
- neurotransmitters
- carry nerve impulses
- what are the 3 subunits of nucleotides?
-
1) phosphate group (phospurus and oxygen)
2) deoxyribose- five-carbon sugar made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
3) nitrogenous base- (in DNA, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) - Watson-Crick Model
- attempt to describe the physical and chemical structure of DNA in a way that would eplain its known characteristics-double helix
- what holds bases in DNA together?
- hydrogen bonds
- how does DNA replicate?
- two strands of DNA unzip, free nucelotides floating around pair up, now there are two identical strands that are free to separate into two chromosome strands
- chromatids
- identical sister chromosomes
- centromere
- holds chromatids together
- mitosis interphase
- cell grows and replicates its DNA and ccentrioles
- prophase
- cnetrioles separate and spindle begins to form--nuclear membrane breaks down and chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- metaphase
- chromosomes line up in the center--each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at itts centromere
- anaphase
- sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart
- telophase
- chromosomes father at opposite ends of the cell --two new nuclear membranes form
- cytokinesis
- cytoplasm pinches in half--each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes
- diploid number
- number of chromosomes a species has in its body cells
- gametogensis
- formation of gametes
- monoploid number
- reduced (half) # of chromosomes in sex cells
- somatic tissues
- body tissues
- gene chromosome theory
- chromosomes are made of small units called genes--genes carry hereditary info and are found at specific locations along chromosomes
- gene linkage
- when genes are located on the same chromosome and are linked
- crossing-over
- occurs in meiosis during synapsis---chromatids of homologous chromosome pair sometimes twist around rach other and chromatids may break, echange segments, and rejoin--increases variation
- incomplete dominance
- blend of phenotypes --no one trait is dominant
- multiple alleles
- there may be three or more alleles for a particular trait
- autosomes
- chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
- hemophilia
- disease when blood does not clot properly
- myopia
- extreme nearsightedness
- segregation and recombination
- during meiosis, chromosomes in each pair of homologous chromosomes separate to form two monoploid chromsomes--randomly separates into alleles (segregation) and recombine when two monoploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus
- codominance
- both traits show
- independent assortment
- genes located on NONHOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES are free to separate during meiosis --traits are inherited independently from each other--source of variation
- multiple alles
- more than one allele for a trait
- sex determination
-
male--XY
female-XX
depends on combination of chromosomes - recombinant DNA
- DNA produced from genetic engineering--inserted a part of DNA from a cell and adding it to another cell
- how can you alter genes?
- insert, delete, or substitute DNA segments
- grafting
- plant propagation--stems of desirable plants are attached to root-stocks of related varieties to produce new plants
- vegetative propagation
- asexual reproduction where new organisms are produced from the nonfloral parts of the parent plant
- binary fission
- a type of cell division in which mitosis is followed by equal cytoplasmic division