Biology Midterm Review
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Biology
- study of life
- Organism
- any living thing
- HOMEOstasis
- regulation of an organisms internal enviroment
- Meabolism
- All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
- Scientific method
- common steps to solve problems
- Hypothesis
- testable explenation for a question or problem
- experiment
- procedure that tests a hypotesis by the process of collecting information under conrolled conditions.
- observations
- use our senses, which lead us to questions
- control group
- standard,all conditons are kept the same
- test group
- all condition are kept the same except the condition being tested
- Idependent variable
- condition being tested
- Dependent Variable
- second condition observed which is a result of the change
- conclusion
- evaluation of the hypotesis based on data
- Quantitative data
- numerical data
- Descriptive Data
- observational data
- Meter, Liter, Gram
- basic units of length, liquid, and mass
- Name the 5 characteristics of life
-
1 Ability to respond to the enviroment
2 Use and obtain energy
3 Reproduce
4 organization
5 grow and develop - atom
- smallest part of an elemnt which still reatins the properties of that elemnt
- chemical formula
- symbols written together to show what atoms have bonded together
- molecule
- atoms stuck together
- Ion
- an atom ( or group of atoms ) that gain or looses electrons and has a charge and reatin their individual properties
- polar
- attracted to water, has a charge
- products
- result of the reactants
- reactants
- elements which combine
- Hydrogen Bond
- a weak bond formed between hydrogen and another substance
- pH
- a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
- Carbohydrates
- organic compound made of C H O
- Lipids
- organic molecules that have a LARGE proportion of C-H bonds and fewer O atoms
- Proteins
-
Large organic polymer which is made of Amino Acids
C H O N - Nucleic Acids
- complex polymer of neucleotides
- capillary action
- water creeps up tubes
- chemical equation
- expresses what happens in a chemical reaction
- Nonpolar
- no charge
- Organic Compound
- compound with carbon
- Inorganic Compound
- compound without Carbon
- enzyme
- regulation of cell function
- enzyme substrate complex
- temporary combination of the enzyme and substarte
- Active Transport
- agains diffusion. energy required. lower concentration to higher conventration
- contractile vacuole
- a structure in some unicellualr organisms, that live in hypotonic engiroment, it expells excess water
- enzyme 2
- biological catalysts, reduce amount of energy needed
- diffusion
- the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentraition to lower concentration
- endocytosis
- process by which a cell surrounds and takes IN material from it's enviroment
- fluid mosaic model
- current model of plasma membrane
- Hypertonic solution
- water leaves the cell
- Hypotonic solution
- water enters the cell
- Isotonic solution
- dynamic equlibrium. equal
- osmosis
- diffusion of water through a selectivly permeable membrane
- passive transport
- no energy needed , diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
- phospholipid
- two fatty acid chains and a head
- selective permeability
- selective material pass in and out of the membrane
- turgor pressure
- pressure that exsistis in a cell
- ATP
- Adenosine Triphosphate
- ADP
- Adenosine Diphosphate
- Photosynthesis
- plants take in light energy and make glucose and CO2
- Cell respiration
- process in which glucose and oxygen make ATP
- Light reactions
- "photo" part. makes energy for Calvin Cycle ; occurs in the thylakoid
- Calvin Cycle
- form clucose; occurs in the stroma; synthesis
- ETC Electron Transport Chain
- during the light cycle electrons travel down releasing energy
- Carbon Fixation
- Inorganic Carbon is taken and made into CO2
- Glycolysis
- splitting of glucose
- Aerobic Repiration
- repiration with O
- Anaerobic Respiration
- respiration without oxygen
- Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle
- series of chemicl reations in the mitochondria in which high energy elesctrons are formed
- Fermentation
- Anaerobic Respiration; Latic Acid and Alcoholic
- Lactic Acid Fermentaion
- that has lactic acid as an end product. Produces electron carrying molecule which enable glycolysis to continue;humans and animals
- Alcoholic Germenation
- ethanol and CO2 as waster products; produces electron carrying molecule
- cell
- smalles living organism that still maintains the 5 characteris Basic unit of life
- Rober Hooke
- English . saw dead cork cells thought they looked like monk's cells
- Anton vo Leeuwenhoek
- First to see live cells. developed better micropscopes "wee beasties" in pond water
- Cell Theory
-
1 All livng things are made of cells
2 all cells come from preexsisting cells
3. cells are the basic unit of life - compound light micropscope
- passes light through the object
- prokarote
- BACTERIA; a cell lacking true organelles
- Eukarote
- a cell that has a true membrane binding organelles
- Plasma Membrane
- seperates and controls what goes in and our
- cytoplasm
- jell like substance
- Pili
- velcro, sticks to things like the back of the throat
- Cell Wall
- provides support. only in plants
- Nucleus
- the brain controls cell activity . DNA is in here
- ER
- transportaion of materails thru cells; ribosomes here
- Rough ER
- with ribosomes
- Smooth ER
- without Ribsomes
- Ribosomes
- where proteins are made
- Golgi Apparatus
- packages and exports products in vesicles
- Vacuole
- stores stuff
- Lysosome
- helps with digestion
- Mitochondria
- energy is made here. Ribbon ike has a high surfacer area like a tissue box
- chloroplast
- plant cells; photosynthesis occurs here
- Cilia
- hair used for movement
- Flagella
- whip like tail used for movement
- Organelle
- a structure that has a membrane a round it in EURKARYOTIC cells
- specialized cell
- a cell that performs a cerain function
- Heredity
- passing on of chromosome from parent to offspring
- Genetics
- study of heredity
- Gregor Mendel
- Austrain pea plant dude
- Gamete
- Haploid sex cell
- Phenotype
- way an organism looks
- Genotypes
- genetic make up of an organism
- Homozygous
- 2 allesles are the same
- Heterozygous
- 2 allesles are differnt
- Punnet Square
- used to show possible offspring outcomes
- Law of Segragation
- each gamete goes on 1 block; alleles from parents sort into seperate gametes
- Homologuous chromosemes
- smimilar' paired chromosome with genes for the smae trait
- diploid
- 2 copies of each chromosome
- haploid
- 1 copy of each chromosome
- meiosis
- 1 diploid cell end with 4 haploid cells
- cell cycle
- sequence of growth and division
- Interphase
- growth and metabolism' contriubutes to homeostasis copies it's DNA and mkes other organelles
- Mitosis
- pmat... cell division
- chromatin
- uncolied DNA
- chromosome
- coiled DNA
- sister chromatid
- identical strands of DNA connected at the centromere
- centriole
- form spindle... only in animal cells
- spindle
- made of microbtubes; extend across the cell
- prophase
- nuclear membrane dissapears; spindle forms
- metaphase
- chromosomes line up down the middle of the spindle
- telophase
- begins when chromosomes are at the poles; spindle breaks down and chromatids uncoil