Biology Midterm SHS
Terms
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- S phase
- DNA is copied
- G2
- cell awaits division
- Interphase
- G1, S, G2
- Prophase
- chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, nucleus disappears
- Metaphase
- chromosomes line up at equator
- Anaphase
- chromosomes separate
- Telophase
- cell membrane pinches in, chromosomes all on opposite sides of cell
- Synapsis
- Homologous chromosomes pair up
- amino acids
- building blocks of proteins
- hypotonic solution
- more water outside of cell
- hypertonic solution
- less water outside of cell
- isotonic solution
- equilibrium, movement of water into and out of cell, same amount on either side
- Lactic Acid Fermentation
-
pyruvic acid to lactic acid
occurs when no oxygen present after glycolysis -
Proteins
example and function - enzymes- control metabolic reactions, structural support
- anabolic reaction
- simple + simple to complex
- catabolic reaction
- complex to simple + simple
- endocytosis
- Process of bringing materials into cell, requires energy
- Exocytosis
- process of releasing materials out of cell, requires energy
- Osmosis
- passive transport, movement of water across cell membrane from high water conc. to low water conc.
- Diffusion
- passive transport, movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
- Facilitated diffusion
- passive transport from high conc. to low, with assistance of carrier proteins
- Phospholipid
- makes up cell membrane, polar head, non polar tail
- Active transport
- Transport across concentration gradient, requires energy
- Passive Transport
- transport down concentration gradient, does not require cell energy
- Solute
- substance that dissolves in another
- Solvent
- liquid that solutes dissolve in
- Neurotransmitters
- chemicals used for communication between nerve cells
- cytolysis
- cell bursts
- plasmolysis
- cell shrinks
- enzymes
- proteins, used to catalyze reactions, lower activation energy
- substrate
- substance that an enzyme acts on, attaches to substrate at active site
- ATP
- adenosine triphosphate, store energy in bond of third phosphate
- coenzyme
- assists enzymes in controlling reactions, vitamins
- Aerobic respiration
- glycolysis,respiration, ETC, produces ATP
- Alcoholic Fermentation
-
pyruvic acid-->alcohol + CO2
occurs after glycolysis when no oxygen present, ex. yeast - Mitosis
- division of diploid cells = 2 diploid daughter cells
- Meiosis
- division of diploid cell= 4 haploid cells, (meiosis I and meiosis II)
- Sex chromosomes
- X and Y
- Autosomes
- all chromosomes besides sex chromosomes, in a human body cell = 44
- Down syndrome
- Trisomy- 21, when an individual has an extra 21st chromosome
- amniocentesis
- procedure that analyzes fluid in sac that surrounds around fetus
- karyotype
- layout of an individuals chromosomes, each homologous chromosome pair together
- Binary fission
- cell division in prokaryotes, results in 2 identical cells
- cytokinesis
- division of the cytoplasm
- G1
- cell grows to mature size
- Atoms
- make up all living and nonliving things
- Element
- substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
- Ion
- charged particle
- What are the three particles in an atom?
- Proton (+), Neutron, Electron(-)
- Compound
- group of atoms held together by chemical bonds
- Hydrogen bond
- weakest chemical bond
- Ionic bond
- formed between two ions of opposite charges
- Covalent bond
- when atoms share electrons
- Base
-
substance with a pH between 7-14
ex. ammonia - Acid
-
substance with a pH between 0-7
ex. lemon juice, stomach acid -
Carbohydrate
(example and function) -
cellulose, glycogen, glucose, starch
energy storage -
Lipids
examples and function -
fats, oils, steroids, waxes
structural support, energy storage -
Nucleic Acids
example and function -
DNA, RNA
store hereditary information - Robert Hooke
- first looked at cells- cork
- Schlieden, Schwann, and Virchow
- developed the cell theory
- Cell Theory
-
1. cells arise from existing cells
2.cells are basic unit of function and structure
3. all living things made of cells - Eukaryotes
- have true nucleus, divide by mitosis and meiosis
- Prokaryotes
-
no nucleus, one ring of DNA
divide by binary fission
evolved to form eukaryotes - Nucleus
- control center of cell
- Mitochondria
- powerhouse of cell, respiration occurs here
- Vacuole
- stores water, food, wastes; larger in plant cells
- Golgi Apparatus
- packaging and storage of materials
- Lysosomes
- contains digestive enzymes
- Cilia
- short bristly hairs, used for movement, made of microtubules
- Flagella
- long extensions of cell membrane, made of microtubules, used for movement
- cell membrane
- composed of phospholipids and proteins, found in plant and animal cells, selectively permeable
- Cell Wall
- only in plant cell, contains cellulose, used for structural support
- Ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis
- Endoplasmic reticulum
-
transport system in cell, with ribosomes = rough ER
without ribosomes= smooth ER - Chloroplasts
- site of photosynthesis, in plant cells, contains chlorophyll, are green
- Scanning tunneling microscope
- can view live specimens
- Transmission electron microscope
- high magnification and resolution, send electrons through sample
- Scanning electron microscope
- view specimen in 3-D
- In order, state the steps of the scientific method.
- observations, hypothesis, experiments, conclusion, theory
- Biology
- study of life