A&P:ch.3-Cell metabolism
Terms
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- Catabolism
- breakdown of a substance which results in energy
- What is the opposite of catabolism?
- Anabolism
- Anabolism
- construction of more complex compounds from simpler compunds-this process needs energy(ATP) to drive it
- 3 steps in energy production
- hydrolysis-glycolysis-aerobic respiration
- What are some examples of anabolic reactions?
- tissue replacement, growth, development
- Hydrolysis
-
-The initial step in making energy
-It is a reaction where ATP loses a phosphate radical(energy) and becomes ADP - Carbs are broken down into..?
- monosaccharides
- Fats are broken down into...?
- fatty acids and glycerol
- proteins are broken down into..?
- amino acids
- Nucleotides are broken down into...?
- nucleic acids
- Aeorobic respiration
-
-final stage of cellular metabolism
-requires oxygen
-where ATP is replenished by phosphorylating ADP back to ATP - When ATP loses a phosphate radical, ___ occurs.
- Hydrolysis
- When phosphate bonds in ATP are broken, ___ is created.
- Energy
- How can glucise enter the cells?
- active transport or facilitated diffusion
- What are 3 carbohydrates?
- sugars, starches, and cellulose
- What is the function of carbs?
- to provide and store energy
- What is the monomer that forms carbs?
- saccharide
- What is the most abundant and most important monosaccharide?
- glucose
- What happens to glucose inside the cell?
- the glucose molecules are either catabolized (broken down) to form ATP, or converted to glycogen or fat.
- Where does glycolysis occur?
- within the cytoplasm of the cell
- Cellular respiration
-
-Process of taking in oxygen molecules to produce more ATP (occurs after glycolysis)
-Occurs in cells with mitochondria that can then react on the pyruvic acid created from glycolysis
-There are 2 stages: 1.Krebs cycle and 2.Electron Transfer System - Krebs cycle
- 1st stage of cellular respiration, where 2 additional ATP and 2 carrier molecules are produced.
- Electron Transfer System
-
-2nd stage of cellular repiration
-the carrier created by glycolysis and Krebs cycle are acted upon to create 28 more ATP - What is the net yield of ATP molecules from 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?
-
Total is 30
(2 ATP from glycolysis, 2 ATP from Krebs cycle, 28 from Electron TRansport system, less 2 ATP used along the way=30 ATP) - What are some functions of proteins?
-
-act as carrier molecules
-form structures
-aid in cellular communication
-act as enzymes - Enzymes
-
-proteins that are used by cells to initiate reactions
-AKA catalysts-they speed up molecular reactions - Where are lipids primarily metabolized?
- Liver
- What is the main function of lipids?
- Serve as energy reserves in animal tissues and plant seeds.
- What could alter or cause protein bonds to break?
- exposure to a variation in temperature or pH
- Proteins are composed of what?
- chains of amino acids
- what are the 2 processes in protein catabolsim?
- deamination and transamination
- Deamination
- process of breaking down a protein to produce ATP (ammonia also results which is converted to urine)
- Transamination
-
interchange of an anime group to another carbon chain to form a different amino acid
-tjhey become building blocks for other proteins - RNA
- molecule that translates gene info in the DNA into proteins
- DNA and RNA shape differences?
-
DNA: double helix
RNA: single strand - What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?
-
C-cytosine
G-guanine
A-adenine
T-thymine - What are the 4 nitrogen bases in RNA?
-
C-cytosine
G-guanine
A-adenine
U-uracil - What nitrogen bases are paired together in DNA and RNA?
-
C-G
A-T
A-U - Genes
-
-subunits of DNA
-each gene gives info for 1 peptide chain - What are the 3 types of RNA cells used in the translation of genes into proteins?
-
mRNA-messenger RNA
rRNA-ribosomal RNA
tRNA-transfer RNA - What are the 2 steps in protein synthesis?
- Transcription and Translation
- Glycolysis
- process where energy/ATP is released from the glucose molecule
- During glycolysis, ___ molecule(s) of glucose are used to make ___ molecules of ATP, ___ molecules of NAD, and ___ molecules of pyruvic acid
- 1 glucose= 4 ATP, 2 NAD, and 2 pyruvic acid.
- What is the end result of glycolysis? (molecules and #'s)
- 2 ATP, 2 NAD, 1 pyruvic acid
- What are the 3 classifications of carbs?
- monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides (depending on the # of monomers present).
- How can glucose enter the cells?
- active transport or facilitated diffusion
- Once glucose enters the cell, what two things may occur?
-
1. the glucose is catabolized to produce ATP
2.converted to glycogen (fat) to store for future use - What are the 2 stages of cellular respiration?
-
1. Krebs cycle
2. Electron Transfer System - What is the net # of ATP produced from 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?
- 30 ATP (32 total created but 2 are used during the process).
- What is the function of lipids?
- They serve as energy reserves in animal tissues.
- How are lipids metabolized?
- Liver cells remove fats from the blood and hydrolyze the molecules so the products can be used in the Krebs cycle.
- What are proteins composed of?
- chains of amino acids linked together by covalent peptide bonds
- What is the structure of amino acids?
-
1. central carbon and hydrogen atom
2. amino group
3. carboxyl group
4. variable group aka R group - Essential amino acids
-
amino acids that cannot be created by the body and must be supplied in the diet
-most species have 10, cats have 11 - 2 forms of protein catabolism
-
1. deamination
2. transamination - Deaminiation
-
process of breaking down a protein to create ATP/energy
-the amine group is removed from the amino acid-it then enters the Krebs cycle=ATP is formed
-also created ammonia which is converted to urea - uremia
-
when ammonia builds up in the bloodstream
-can be the result of a diseased liver - BUN
- blood urea nitrogen
- What controls the synthesis of proteins?
- the genes in DNA
- What are the 5-carbon sugars for DNA vs. RNA?
-
DNA: deoxyribose
RNA: ribose - What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?
-
A-Adenine
T-thymine
C-cytosine
G-guanine - What are the nitrogen bases in RNA?
-
A-adenine
U-uracil
C-cytosine
G-guanine - What does T in DNA become in RNA?
- U-uracil
- DNA and RNA are composed of what?
- chains of nucleotides which have a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a nitrogen base.
- How are the nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA paired?
-
DNA: T-A C-G
RNA: U-A C-G - Transcription
-
-1st step in protein synthesis
-DNA is unwound and the molecule RNA polymerase copies the DNA onto a mRNA - Translation
-
-2nd and final step in protein synthesis
-mRNA attaches to the ribosome and tells the tRNA what amino acids to attach - codon
- base triplets on the mRNA. Amino acids attach to the tRNA with the complimentary anticodon
- A set of 3 base pairs on mRNA is called a ____
- codon
- _____ are the building blocks of proteins.
- amino acids
- The site for protein synthesis in mammalian cells is the ___?
- Ribosome
- Cells use the reactions of ___ to produce energy?
- glycolysis
- ____is the chemical reaction where the amine group is removed from the amino acid.
- Deamination
- _____ are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction and are unchanged by the reaction.
- catalysts