Cells and Molecules 2
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- 2 Cell Types
- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes are
- Bacteria and Archea
- Prokaryotes don't have a
- True nucleus
- Prokaryotes have
- Cell wall, cell membrane, plasma, phospholipid bilayer, cytoplasm, ribosomes, flagella, pili,
- Prokaryote Cell Wall is
- made of peptidoglycan (bacteria) Archea is various
- Prokaryote Cell membrane
- define the inside outside of cell plasma
- Prokaryote Plasma Membrane
- functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutriets, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell
- Prokaryote Cytoplasm
- entire region between nucleus and plasma membrane
- prokaryote cytosol
- within plasma membrane semifluid where organnels are found
- Where is DNA in Prokaryotic cell
- Nucleoid
- Prokaryote Motion
- Flagella, structure different than in euks
- What do prokayotes use for attachment
- pili
- Eukaryotic cells have
- cell memrande, dna as genetic information, cytosol, ribosomes, organnels>membrande enclosed
- Eukaryotic Nucleus
- largest organnel inside euk cell, double membrane nuclear envelope has genetic info DNA, Chromatin DNA + PROTEINS pachaging of DNA
- Eukaryotic Chromosomes
- colored bodies inside nucleus of dividing cells, condensed chromatin
- Eukaryotic Nuclear Pores
- Made of proteins from opening channels in membranes so molecules can be transported in and out of nucleus
- What comes out of nucleus
- RNA comes out of nucleus
- DNA Polymerase is
- Enzymes that copy DNA
- RNA Polymerase is
- Enzymes that copy RNA
- Transported polymerase inside nucleus?
- Transported polymerase inside nucleus?
- What is eukaryote nucleolus
- Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
- Endoplasmic reticulum is
- membranous labyrinth so extensive it accounts for more than half the total membrane in a eukaryotic cell
- Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
- Ribosomes attached post translational modifications to protiein,
- Smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
- no ribosomes attached
- Golgi apparatus
- endomembrane system sorting of macromolecules in cell
- Internal membrane system includes
- Nuclear envelope, E.r rough and smooth, lysosome, transport vessicles, central vacuole (plants only)
- The lysosome is
- a small membranse bound organneles containing digestive enzymes important in recycling prganelles and breaking down material brought in by phagocytosis, Example white blood cells kill bacteria or viruses
- Central Vacuole
- (endo membrane system) plant, fungi, yeast, large open aqueous environment, storage of molecules, aminoacids, pigments, toxins, ions, metabolic products
- Why do Eukaryotic cells have membrane organelles?
- Euks are larger, internal membranse increase surface area of membrane increase efficiency of moving molecules in the cell, seperate compartments for different functions
- Peroxisome is
- not part of endomembrane system, important for breaking down fatty acids, plants and animals, periodase =enzyme
- Mitochondria and chloroplast
- double membranse organelles important metabolic functions, own genetic information multiply
- Endosymbiotn Theory
- organelles were once fee living organism/bacteria, during evolution taken in by symbiotic relationship, now a dependent relationship
- Mitochondria are the site of ATP sunthesis
- source or cellular energy, plant and animals chloroplast site of photosynthesis, light energy harvested for photosynthesis
- Cytoskeleton is
- a network of fibers extending throuout the sytoplasm, give mechanical support to the cell and maintain it's shape
- Actin is
- microfilaments solid rods 7nm, also called actin filaments, that is what they are buitlt from
- Intermediate filaments are
- specialized for bearing tension, are a diverse class of cytoskeltal elements
- Microtubules are
- found in cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, thickest shape and support the cell, shape and support, also serve as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor molecules can move
- Cell junction is
- connections between cells tissue
- tight junction is
- lock cells together, barrier that fluid can't get through
- Desmosome is
- anchoring junctions or snap junctions hold cells together, looser anchoring
- Gap junction is
- channel from one cell to the nect communication between cells through gap junction
- plasmodesmata is
- similar to gap junction because its a channel from one cell to the nest
- Resolving power
- Clarity of image
- Transmission electron microscope sees
- internal ultrastucture of cells
- Scanning electron microcscope sees
- detailed study of surface of specimen
- cytology is
- the study of cells
- Cell fractionation is
- take cells apart, seperate major organelles so their function can be studies, use centrifuge, pellet is large stuctures supernatant is small structires
- Cytosol is
- in cell membrane, semifluid where organneles are found
- Prokaryotic cell DNA is
- concentrated in the nucleoid, no membrane seperates this from rest of cell
- Eukaryotic cell has a
- true nucleus bounded by a membranouse nuclear envelope
- Cytoplasm is
- entire region between nucleus and plasma membrane, term also used for interior or prokaryotic cell
- Eukaryotic cells are ____ than prokaryotes
- bigger
- Plasma membrane functions as a
- selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell
- biological membranes consist of
- a double layer of phspholipids and other lipids
- Cellular respiration is
- enzymes embedded in the membranous of the organnels called mitochondria
- Nucleus
- houses most of the cells DNA and the ribosomes which use information from the DNA to make protein
- Nuclear envelope
- encloses nucleus; seperating contents from the cytoplasm, double membrane, each a lipid bilayer
- Nuclear latima is
- a net like array of protein filaments (intermediate) that maintains the shape of the nucleus
- Chromatin is
- DNA organized along with protein into fibrous material called chromatin
- Chromosomes are
- thin coiled up chromatin fibers that became thick enough to be called chromasomes
- Typical human cell has
- 46 chromasomes except for the sperm and egg which have 23
- The nucleolus is
- a mass of densely stained granules and fibers adjoining park of the chromatin
- Ribosomes are
- particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein are organelles that carry out protein synthesis; each compose of two subunits
- Endomembrane system is
- many different membranes of a eukaryotic cell related by direct physical ontinuity or transfer of membrane segments called vesicles
- Endomembrande system includes
- nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, varoius kinds of vacuoles and the plasma membrane
- Smooth ER is
- cytoplasmic surface lacking ribosomes
- Rough ER is
- ribosomes stud cytoplasmic surface of membrane
- smooth ER functions in
- synthesis of lipids, metabolism or carbs, detoxification of drugs and poisons
- glycoproteins
- proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrate
- Rough ER makes
- secretory proteins and is a membrane factory that grows in place by adding proteins and phospholipids
- Golgi apparatus is
- center for manufacturing, warefhouse, sorting, shipping
- Lysosome is
- membrane bounded sac of hydrolytic enzymes that the cell uses to digest macromolecules
- Phagosytosis is the
- process where amoebas and other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles
- contractile vacuoles
- pump excess water out of the cell
- central vacuole is
- large in plant cells enclosed by tonoplast membrane
- Mitochondria is
- sites of cellular respiration, catabolic process that generates ATP by extraciting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels with help of oxygen
- Chloroplasts are
- found only in plants, algae, are sites of photosynthesis
- Mitochondria 2 membranes
- phospholipid bilayer, outer is smooth inner on convoluted with infoldings called cristae
- Mitochondrion inner membrane compartments
- first is intermembrane space, narrow region between inner and outer membranes, second compartment is mitochondrial matrix enclosed by inner membrane
- Plastids are
- family of closelt related plant organnelses, chloroplasts is the the member
- thylakoids are
- inside chloroplast membranous system in form of flattened sac
- granum is
- thlakoids stacked like poker chips
- Stroma is
- fluid outside of thylakoids
- proxisome is
- specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a singe membrane
- 3 fibers make up cytoskeleton
- microtubules, microfilament, intermediate filaments
- Centrisome is
- microtubules grow out from this, within the centrisome is a pair of centrioles
- Flagella + cilia
- specialized arrangement of microtubules is responcible for their beating
- Basal body is
- microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum in anchored by a basal body
- Dynein is a
- large protein makes up moto molecules extending from each microtubule doublet to next
- Microfilament is
- smallest of cytoskeleton fibers specialized for bearing tension
- Myosin is
- 1000's of actin filaments arranged in parallel to one another along length of muscle cell, intergrated with thicker filaments made of a ptoein calles myosin
- Pseudopodia is
- which a cell craws along a surface by extending and slowing into cellular extensions
- Cytoplasmic streaming is
- circular flow of cytoplasm within cells
- Cell wall is
- one of the features a plant cell has that distinguishes it from an animal cell
- Primary cell wall is
- young plant cell, first secretion
- middle lamella is
- between primary walls of adjacen cells
- Secondary cell wall is
- between plasma membrane and primary wall, cell protection and support
- Extracellular matrix (ECM) is
- main ingredients are glycoproteins secreted by cells, most abundant glycoprotein is collagen, ECM is animals alternative to cell wall, some cells attach to ECM by fibronectius? that bind to receptor proteins called integrins that are built into plasma membrane
- Tight juntions
- membranes of neighboring cells are actually fused forming continuous belts around cell
- Desmosomes
- fasten cell together into strong sheets
- Gap junctions
- provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells