Chapter 1B- biology
Terms
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- hypothesis
- a possible explanation for a natural event.
- experiment
- conducting a process to test a hypothesis; making further observations.
- deductive reasoning
- "if, then logic"; used in the experiment process.
- experimental design
- the manner in which a scientist intends to conduct an experiment.
- control group/ control
- the object being tested that goes through all the steps of the experiment, but lacks the factor being tested.
- model
- representation of an actual object.
- data
- results of an experiment.
- conclusion
- statement made following an experiment as to wether or not the results support the hypothesis.
- scientific theories
- concepts that join together well-supported and related hypthesis.
- principle(law)
- a term sometimes used for theories that are generally accepted bby an overwhelming # of scientists.
- experiment(independant) variable
- the compnent being tested.
- dependant variable
- result or change that occurs when an experimental variable is utilized in an experiment.
- matter
- anything that takes up space and has mass (solid, liquid, gas).
- elements
- substance that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties; composed of only one type of atom.
- atoms
- smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element.
- atomic symbol
- 1 or 2 letters that represent the name of an element.
- mass number
- sum of protons and neutrons.
- atomic number
- # of protons within the necleus of an atom.
- isotope
- an atom of the same element having the same atomic #, but a different mass # due to the number of neutrons.
- orbital
- particular volume of space where an electron is most apt to be found most of the time.
- octet rule
- outer shell of electrons is most stable when it has 8 electrons.
- compound
- the product of 2/more different elements bonding together.
- molecule
- the smallest part of a compound that still has the properties of that compound.
- ionic bond
- attraction between negatively and positively charged ions.(chemical bond)
- covalent bond
- chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons.
- nonpolar covalent bond
- bond in which the sharing of electrons between atoms is fairly equal.
- polar covalent bond
- bond in which sharing electrons between atoms is unequal.
- characteristics of water
- high heat capacity. high heat evaporization. solvent. cohesive & adhesive. high surface tension. frozen water is less dense than liquid.
- hydrophilic
- molecules that can attract water.
- hydrophobic
- nonpolar molecules that cannot attract water.
- solution
- fluid(the solvent) that contains a dissolved solid(the solute).
- solute
- substance that is dissolves in solvent forming a solution.
- hydrogen ion
- hydrogen ion that has lost its electron and therefore bears a positive charge.
- hydroxide ion
- hydrogen and oxygen compound that has gained an electron therefore bears a negative charge.
- acid
- molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution & to lower its pH numerically.
- base
- molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution & raise its pH numerically.
- pH scale
- measurement scale for hydrogen ion concentration.
- buffers
- substance/group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity & basicity.
- electronegativity
- the ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical bond.
- tracer
- substance having an attached radioactive isotope that allows a researcher to track its where abouts in a biological system.
- organic chemistry
- chemistry of organisms.
- inorganic chemistry
- chemistry of the nonliving world.
- organic molecules
- molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- functional group
- specific combination of bonded atom that always react in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton.
- isomer
- molecule with the same molecular formula but a different structure and therefore a different shape.
- polymer
- macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers.
- monomers
- small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer. example: glucose is a monomer of starch.
- dehydration reaction
- chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule.
- enzyme
- organic catalyst usually a protein that speeds a reaction in cells due to a particular shape.
- carbohydrates
- class of organic compounds that includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, & polysaccharides.
- monosaccharides
- simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by by hydrolysis.
- disaccharides
- sugar that contains 2 units of a monosaccharide. example: maltose.
- polysaccharides
- polymer made from sugar monomers; the polysaccharides starch & glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers.
- hydrolysis reaction
- splitting of a compound by the addition of water, w/ the H+ being incorporated in one fragment & the OH- in the other.
- glucose
- 6 carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration.
- ribose
- a pentose sugar found in RNA.
- deoxyribose
- pentose sugar found in DNA that has one less hydroxyl group than ribose.
- starch
- storage polymer polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules in a linear with few side chains.
- glycogen
- storge polysaccharide found in animals; composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous branches
- cellulose
- polysaccharide that is the major complex carbohydrate in plant cell walls
- chitin
- stong, flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton in bugs.
- lipid
- compounds that are insoluable in water due to their hydrocarbon chains, include fat and oils.
- glycerols
- 3 carbon carbohydrate w/ 3 hydroxyl groups attached; a component of fats & oils.
- fat
- organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids and is found in adipose tissue of vertebrates.
- oil
- triglyceride usually plant orgin that is composed of glycerol & 3 fatty acids & is liquid in consistancy due to many unsaturated bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids.
- triglyceride
- natural fat composed of glycerol & 3 fatty acids.
- fatty acid
- molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain & ends with an acid group.
- saturated fatty acids
- fatty acid molecule that lack double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain. The chain bears the maximum # of hydrogens possible.
- unsaturated fatty acid
- fatty acid molecule that has 1/ more double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chains. The chain bears fewer hydrogen than the maximum # possible.
- phospholipid
- molecule that forms the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes has polar, hydrophilic head bonded to 2 nonpolar, hydrophobic tails.
- steroid
- type of lipid molecule having a complex of 4 carbon rings. example; cholestrol, estrogen, progesteron, and testosterone.
- waxes
- sticky solid, waterproof, lipid consisting of many lon-chain fatty acid usually linked to long-chain alcohols.
- types of proteins
- suppor, enzymes, transport. defense, hormones, motion.
- proteins
- molecule consisting of 1/more polypeptides.
- hemoglobin
- iron-containing respiratory pigment occuring in vertebrate red blood cells in the blood plasma of some invertebrates.
- amino acid
- organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules.
- peptide bond
- type of covalent bond that joins 2 amino acids
- peptide
- 2/more amino acids joined together by a covalent bond.
- polypeptide
- polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- fibrous proteins
- a structural protein that exist as helices/ pleated sheets that hydrogen bond to each other.
- globualr proteins
- proteins that tend to ball up in to rounded shape & have a tertiary structure.
- denature
- loss of an enzymes normal shape so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH & temp.
- chaperones
- molecule that binds to a protein during synthesis and keeps it from making incorrect interactions.
- nucleic acid
- polymers of nucleotides wiht very specific function in cells.
- DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
- genetic material that stores info regarding its own replication & the order in which amino acids are to be joined to make a protein.
- RNA(ribonucleic acid)
- nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in 3 forms: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA (messenger, ribosomal, transfer).
- coenzymes
- nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound.
- ATP(adenosine triphosphate)
- nucleotide w/ 3 phosphate groups. the breakdown of ATP in to ADP + P makes energy available for energy requiring processes in cells.
- nucleotide
- monomer of DNA & RNA consisting of a pentose bonded to a nitrogenous base & a phosphate group.
- complementary base pairing
- Hydrogen bonding b/w particular purines & pyrimidines in DNA.
- ADP(adinosine diphosphate)
- nucleotide w/ 2 phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group & become ATP.