cellular respiration 2
Terms
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A chemical reaction
that releases energy. - EXERGONIC REACTION
- The processes by which cells convert energy in the chemical bonds of nutrients to ATP energy.
- CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- intermediate molecules in catabolic and anabolic pathways
- Precursor metabolites are intermediate molecules in catabolic and anabolic pathways
- Energy-requiring reactions in which chemical compounds are synthesized.
- ANABOLISM
- Requires molecular oxygen.
- AEROBIC
- Name two anaerobic exergonic forms of cellular respiration.
- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation do not require oxygen
- To grow, function, and reproduce, cells must:
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1) synthesize new cellular components such as cell walls, cell membranes, nucleic acids, ribosomes, proteins, flagella, etc., and;
2) harvest energy and convert it into a form that is usable to do cellular work. - The endergonic process that uses the energy stored in ATP to synthesize the building blocks of the macromolecules that make up the cell.
- Anabolism
- A chemical reactions that requires energy.
- ENDERGONIC REACTION
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Energy-requiring reactions in which chemical compounds are
synthesized. - ANABOLISM
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Intermediate molecules in catabolic and anabolic pathways that can
be oxidized to generate ATP or synthesize subunits of
macromolecules - PRECURSOR METABOLITES
- Name an exergonic pathway that requires molecular oxygen (O2).
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Aerobic Respiration: Aerobic respiration is an exergonic pathway
that requires molecular oxygen (O2). - Intermediate molecules in catabolic and anabolic pathways that can be oxidized to generate ATP or synthesize subunits of macromolecules
- PRECURSOR METABOLITES
- the form of energy required to do cellular work.
- ATP
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Reactions in which energy is harvested as chemical
compounds are broken down. - CATABOLISM
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Precursor metabolites can do two important things:
Precursor metabolites can be either oxidized to generate ATP or can
be used to synthesize macromolecular subunits such as amino acids,
lipids, and nucleotides. -
Precursor metabolites can do two important things:
Precursor metabolites can be either oxidized to generate ATP or can
be used to synthesize macromolecular subunits such as amino acids,
lipids, and nucleotides. - Precursor metabolites can do two important things:
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Precursor metabolites can be either oxidized to generate ATP or can
be used to synthesize macromolecular subunits such as amino acids,
lipids, and nucleotides. - Pathways that do not require oxygen are said to be:
- Anerobic Anerobic reactions do not require oxygen.
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If you isolate mitochondria and place them in buffer with a low pH they begin to manufacture ATP. Why?
A. Low pH increases the concentration of base causing mitochondria to pump out H+ to the inter membrane space leading to ATP production. -
B. The high external acid concentration causes an increase in H+ in the inter membrane space leading to increased ATP production by ATP synthetase.
Mitochondrial production of ATP requires a concentration gradient of H+, with a high concentration at the inter membrane space and a low concentration in the matrix. The inner membrane is impermeable to H+, but the outer membrane of the mitochondria will allow H+ to pass through. Thus, placing mitochondria in a low pH buffer produces a H+ gradient that can generate ATP through ATP synthetase - Glycolysis leads to the production of ____________ and two molecules of ATP. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation leads to the production of ______________. Glycolysis plus the citric acid cycle can convert the carbons of glucose to _________ , storing
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B. pyruvate, lactic acid, CO2, NADH, FADH2
In glycolysis, glucose with six carbons is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, each with three carbons. In fermentation, pyruvate is reduced by NAD+ producing lactic acid. In the citric acid cycle, the carbons of glucose are converted to CO2 and the H atoms used to reduce NAD+ and FAD forming NADH and FADH2. -
At the end of glycolysis, each molecule of glucose has yielded 2 molecules of _______, 2 molecules of ________, and a net of 2 molecules of _________.
A. FAD; NAD+; ADP
B. CO2; NAD+; ADP
C. lactic acid; ethanol; CO2
D. pyruv -
D. pyruvate; NADH; ATP
Glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate, yielding a net 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Recall that 2 ATP were needed to initiate glycolysis and 4 ATP were produced in the pathway, for a net gain of 2 ATP.