CMD
Terms
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- anterior
- toward the front
- posterior
- toward the back
- superior
- upper
- inferior
- lower
- ventral
- away from the back bone or toward the front of the body
- dorsal
- toward the backbone
- rostral
- toward the head
- caudal
- toward the tail
- superficial
- toward the surface
- deep
- away from the surface
- external
- toward the outer surface
- internal
- toward the inner surface
- medial
- toward the axis or midline
- lateral
- away from the axis or midline
- proximal
- toward the body or root of extremity
- distal
- away from body or root of extremity
- sagital
- into right and left halves (vertical) along sagital suture
- frontal
- into front and back halves (vertical) along coronal suture
- transverse
- upper and lower halves (horizontal)
- 5 characteristics of life
- irritability, growth, spontaneous movement, metabolism, reproduction
- protoplasm
- basic material of cell composition
- cytoplasm
- the mass of protoplasm around the nucleus
- interstitial(intercellular) fluids
- fluind inside the cell
- nucleus
- the specialized protoplasm of a cell. a group of nerve cells. containing the cell's hereditary material and controlling its metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Contains DNA in its ground substance
- nucleoplasm
- the protoplasm of a cell nucleus
- DNA
- contributes to the formation of chromosomes during cell composition. A chromatin deposit responsible for transmission of genetic traits.
- genes
- the biological unit of inheritance, which is transmitted by the chromosome
- chromosome
- A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information.
- cell membrane
- The semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell
- Types of tissues
- Epithelial, Connective, Vascular, Muscular, Nervous
- type of tissue w/o intercellular substance
- epithelial
- 3 types of tissue with intercellular substance
-
1. Semifluid- connective
2. Solid- Bone, Cartilage
3. Fluid- Blood, Lymph - Tissues with partially elongated cells
- nervous tissue
- tissues with totally elongated cells
- muscular tissue
- Epithelial Tissue
- Skin and membranes. maybe single or several layers. little to no intercellular substance.
- types of epithelial tissue
- squamous, cuboidal, columnar
- Connective Tissues
- Few cells, much ground material
- 3 types of connective tissue
-
1. loose
2. Dense
3. Special Connective Tissue - Loose Connective Tissue
- adipose and areolar-found in fatty areas. scattered fibers. allows considerable movement between structures. ex/ earlobe
- Dense Connective Tissue- 4 types
-
very fibrous- much collogen. 1. tendons
2. Ligaments
3. Fascia
4. Reticular tissue - Tendons
- connects muscle to bone or carilage
- ligaments
- connects bone to bone
- fascia
- any fibrous connective tissue that is not tendons or ligaments. sheet of connective tissue. looks like skin but is much tougher. found all over the body.
- reticular tissue
- net like structure. skin but with mesh net. reticular fiberes form and branching network.
- Special Connective Tissue 2 types
- structural role in body. Bone and Cartilage
- what is cartilage made of
- contains cells, ground substance and fibers. chondroblasts
- describe compression of carilage
- strong
- does carilage continue or stop growing
- continues
- can cartilage become bone
- yes
- 3 types of cartilage
-
1.Hyaline Cartilage
2. Elastic Cartilage
3. Fibrous Carilage - Hyaline Cartilage
- shinny, blue-white, smooth, glasslike.
- what does hyaline carilage cover
- articular surface of joints and larynx
- Can in calcify or ossify
- they can become stiff (bone)
- Elastic Carilage
- yellowish, flexible, when bent will move back, does not calcify
- Fibrous Carilage
- intervertebral discs
- Bone
- Cells( osteoblasts) rigid matrix of collogen and ground substance ( mostly calcium salts)
- 2 types of bone
-
1.Dense( compact)
2. Spongy (cancellous, porous) - which part of the bone is spongy and which part is dense. are they very different
- spongy interior. dense exterior. not much difference.
- What is found in the interior of bone
- marrow (very cellular)
- what types of bone is marrow found in
- long bones, like the femur
- 2 types of marrow
-
1.Red-maufactures red blood cells.
2. Yellow- adipose tissue (fat) - periosteum
- The dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones except at the joints and serving as an attachment for muscles and tendons
- vascular tissue
- blood and lymph
- do muscles contract or lengthen
- contract
- 3 types of muscles
-
1.striated muscles
2. smooth muscles
3. cardiac muscles(we won't study) - Striated muscles
- skeletal muscles
- are striated muscles voluntary or involuntary
- voluntary
- what shape are straited muscles
- cylindrical. skinny and long
- what are the dimensions of striated muscles
- 1-120 mm length. .01-.1 mm diameter
- how many nuclei are found in muscles cells
- multinucleated
- what are myofibrils
- Any of the threadlike fibrils that make up the contractile part of a striated muscle fiber.
- sacroplasm
- specialized protoplasm in which myofibrils are embedded. The cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber.
- sarcolemma
- delicate, elastic, transparent and homogenous membrane whihc invests every striated muscle fiber
- what type of protein is found in muscle cells
- myoglobin
- myoglobin
- a protein which increases diffusion of oxygen into muscle fibers and contributes to their color.
- what surrounds the cell outside the cell membrane
- endomysium
- endomysium
- fibrous tissue which binds muscle fibers and separates them from adjacent muscle fibers.
- fasciculi
- muscle fibers grouped together
- smooth muscles
- involuntary, single nucleated-
- condyle
- A rounded projection at the end of a bone, most often for articulation with another bone. a rounded or knucklelike eminence which articulates with another bone
- crest
- a prominent,narrow ridge
- head
- an enlargement at one end of the bone, beyond its neck (constricted portion)
- process
- a bony prominence
- spine
- a sharp projection
- trochanter
- a very large bony projection
- tubercle
- a small rounded projection
- tuberosity
- a large rounded projection
- fissure
- a cleft of deep groove
- foramen
- an opening or perforation in a bone ( or carilage)
- fossa
- pit or hollow
- fovea
- a small pitlike depression
- groove
- a furrow, narrow trench
- meatus
- a tube or passageway
- neck
- a constriction near one end(the head) of a bone.
- sinus
- a cavity within a bone
- sulcus
- a groove or a furrow
- furrow
- A rut, groove, or narrow depression.
- in which cavity of the body do you find the structure for breathing?
- thoracic cavity
- list the breakdown of the thoracic cavity 6
- nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
- which three parts make up the vocal tract
- nasal, oral, pharyngeal cavities
- what are the two jobs of the vocal tract
-
1. part of the sound(speech) production mechanism.
2. carries air for the purpose of breathing. filters, moistens, and warms the air on the way to the lungs. - What does the trachea connect
- larynx to the bronchi
- what are the dimensions of hte trachea
- 12 cm long and 2 cm diameter.
- what is the trachea constructed from.
- incomplete carilaginous rings (open dorsally.
- what connects the tracheal rings
- fibrous membrane(ligaments) and smooth muscle, forming a flexible tube
- what lines the trachea
- cilia, goblet cells
- what is the purpose of cilia
- to keep some foreign matter out.
- what is the purpose of goblet cells
- secrete mucus, which can trap particulates and add to the moisture in the air.
- what does the trachea do at the lower end
- splits at the carina into two bronchi
- how are bronchi alike and differnt to trachea
-
1. trachea like-still has incomplete rings.
2. smaller than trachea - what does the bronchi split into
- 5 bronchioles. (no rings)
- what does the bronchioles split into
- alveoli (24 branchings between bronchioles and alveoli.) called bronchial tree.
- what is the size of the bronchus compared to the trachea
- 1/2 the diameter of the trachea.
- how do the two bronchi compare to each other
- the right one is slightly larger than the left, as weel as shorter and straighter.
- how do the lungs compare to each other
- the right lung is larger than the left.
- how many branches do each bronchus split into
-
1. right bronchus splits into three secondary bronchi.
2. left bronchus splits into 2 secondary bronchi. - what are vertebrae separated by
- intervetebral discs or cartilage.
- is the vertebral column flexible?
- yes, because the discs can be compressed, allowing osme movement.
- what are the purposes of the vertebral column 3.
-
1. provieds part of the framework
2. attachemnt points for many muscles.
3. protects the spinal cord. - how many vertebrae?
- 33. ( some variation in number of sacral or coccygeal vertebra)
- list the 5 groups of vertebrae and the number of each
-
1. Cervical Vertebrae (7)-Neck
2. Thoracic Vertebrae (12)- chest. ribs are attached to these.
3. Lumbar Vertebrae (5)- between ribs and pelvis
4. Sacral Vertebrae (5) fused together, forming Sacrum. posterior part of pelvis.
5. Coccygeal vertebrae (4) fused into one piece. tail-like. some say vestigial. - what is found between adjacent vertebrae
- intervertebral disc (fibrous cartilage)
- what connects vertebrae
- strong ligaments, allowing limited motion.
- what happens if the vertebrae get out of alignment
- the spinal cord or spinal nerves may be compressed.
- Ribs(costae)-how are they numbere
- 12 pairs, numbered top to bottom
- how many in males vs females
- same number
- what is the anterior end of the rib made of
- carilage
- how does each rib attach dorsally
- to the thoracic vertebra (body and transverse process)
- what do the upper 9 or 10 ribs connect to
- to the sternum with cartilage at ventral midline.
- what do the lower 2-4 ribs attach to anteriorly
- they dont attach. they float.
- purpose of lower 2-4 ribs
- to protect kidneys. not involved in breathing
- describe sternum
- oblong plate of bone in anterior chest.
- 3 parts of the sternum
-
1. manubrium
2. body(corpus)
3. xiphoid (ensiform) process. - purpose of the pelvic girdle
- forms inferior boundary of abdomen. several muscles of respiration are attached. mostly involved with forced expiration.
- 3 parts to the pelvic girdle
-
each paired and fused to the others
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis - ilium
- broad upper portion, join with sacrum (part of vertebral column)
- ischium
- posterior and inferior
- pubis
- anterior and inferior, central joint is pubic symphysis.
- describe pectoral girdle
- shoulder, superior boundary of thorax. mostly involved with inspiration
- clavical
- colar bone. above the first rib. attached to sternum and runs lateralward.
- scapula
- shoulder blade. broad, flat, roughly triangular. attached to clavicle and to humerus (upper arm). many back muscles attach to scapula.
- inhalation or inspiration
- increase the thoracic cavity, causing drop in air pressure, causing air to enter lungs.
- diaphragm
- most important for powering speech. unpaired, has bilateral nerve supply
- what does the diaphram looklike
- umbrealla shaped, with central tendon.
- process of diaphram
- contraction lowers the diaphragm, pressing on the viscera, hence enlarging the longitudinal dimension.
- what does the diaphragm separate
- thoraic cavity from the abdominal cavity (contains viscera)
- pectoralis minor-
- elevates the upper ribs if the trapezius has stabilized the scapula.
- intercostals
- may help depress ribs, if lower ribs already depressed. the intercostals act in expiration in a similar way to their role in inspiration. if the lower ribs are stabilized, then the contractoin of intercostals(which always brings pairs of ribs togehter) will bring the rest of the rib cage down.
- internal vs. external intercostals
- separate muscles, but they may or may not act together. we will treat them as one (functionally) muscle. at right angles to each other.
- sternocleidomastoid
- lifts sternum and clavicle somewhat. stabilizes upper rib cage.
- serratus posterior superior
- lift upper ribs. may increase the transerse dimension of the thorax.
- serratus anterior superior
- lift ribs. stabilize rib cage.
- scalenes(anterior, middle, and posterior)
- may lift, at least stabilize, the upper ribs.
- latissimus dorsi
- unlikely to aid in rib elevation
- costal elevators
- may aid in rib elevation( very small and weak)
- subcostals
- are unlikely to aid in inspiration
- trapezius
- very important, but indirect. stabilizes the scapula, which then allows pectoralis minor to act in inspiration.
- all muscle activity for inspiration must..
- increase at least one dimension of the thorax, longitudinal, transverse, anterior-posterior
- what helps with exhalation
-
1. gravity as long as youare sitting or standing.
2. torque ont he ribs and elasticity or lungs and viscera help regardless of postion, passive forces - normal exhalation
- passive forces
- speech, higheffort exhalation
- active forces
-
l. Rectus Abdominus
2. External Obliques
3. Internal "
4. Transversus Abdominus - press on viscera, which in turn causes the diaphragm to move upward. this may slightly depress the ribs.
- serratus posterior inferior
- pull down lower ribs
- quadratus lumborum
- may depress the lower ribs
- transversus thoracis
- if involved at all in breathing they are probably exhalatory
- you can speak with only passive forcess...
- but not with fine intensity and pitch control nor for as long as with muscle involvement.
- antagonistic use of inspiratory musculature
- you must check the rate of exhalation in controlled exhalation
- Lung volumes and capacities 7.
-
1. tidal volume
2. inspiratory reserve volume
3. expiratory reserve volume (resting volume)
4. residual volume
5. inspiratory capacity
6. vital capacity
7. total lung capacity - inspiratory reserve+ tidal volume+ expiratory reserve=
- vital capcity
- vital capacity+ residual volume=
- total capacity
- process for inspiration
-
1. enlarge thoracic volume with inspiratory muscles.
2. because the thoracic pleura are attached to the thoracic wall, this will enlare the interpleural volume.
3. because interpleural volume has increased, interpleural pressure has decrease.
4. the lungs may expand, refilling interpleural space to reduce its volume and restore its resting pressure.
5. because the lungs have expanded, air pressure in the lungs is reduced. - lysosome
- digestive organs of the cell
- mitochondria
- threadlike granules which provide energy in the form of ATP
- cell
- body's fundamental unit of structure and function
- nucleolus
- located within the nucleus. contains ribosomes whihc are essential for protein synthesis
- protein synthesis
-
the process by which individual amino acids are connected to each other in a specific order dictated by the nucleotide sequence in DNA, which also involves the processes of transcription and translation
Example: Protein synthesis is process by which the genetic code puts together proteins in the cell. - cytology
- the study of cells
- golgi appartatus
- appears to temporarily store secretory substances
- tissue
- a colony of cells similar in structure and function
- centrosome
- derived from words meaning central+ body
- vacuole
- a small cavity in the protoplasm of the cell
- endoplasmic reticulum
- forms an intracellular transport network
- function of epithelial tissue
- protection, secretion, absorption, glandular, sensory
- function of connective tissue
- support, protection, connection, insulation, food storage
- function of muscular tissue
- movement, maintain posture
- function of nervous tissue
- reception, conduction, communication, coordination, integration
- function of vasucalar tissue
- transport and deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells. remove waste products and toxins from the body. control temperature.
- derived from words meaning around + heart
- pericardial
- derived from words meaning around+ stretched
- peritoneal
- lines the abdominal cavity
- peritoneal
- lines the two lung cavities
- pleural
- lines the vacity containing the heart
- pericardial
- connective tissue: tightly packed fibers
- dense, cartilage, bone
- scattered fibers (connective tissue)
- loose
- connective tissue with semifluid intercellular substance
- loose, dense
- intercellular substance firm but flexible (connective tissue)
- cartilage
- intercellular deposits of inorganic salts
- bone
- cells are called osteocytes and osteoblasts
- bone
- cells are called chondroblasts
- cartilage
- derived from word meaning fatty
- adipose
- derived from a word meaning space
- areolar
- found in subcutaneous fascia
- adipose
- meshlike
- areolar
- has large, spherical cells
- adipose
- forms "bed" for epithelial tissue
- areolar
- attach bone to bone
- ligaments
- attach muslce to bone
- tendons
- attach mucles to other muscles
- tendons
- separate and cover muscle fibers to form functional units
- fascia
- attach cartilage to cartilage
- ligaments
- attach muslce to cartilage
- tendons
- attach bone to cartilage
- ligaments
- feltlike
- reticular
- support esssential elements of organs
- reticular
- cartilage that probably does not calcify
- elastic
- may calcify or ossify with age
- hyaline
- dense network of collagenous fiber anc cartilage cells
- fibrous
- like milk glass, but yellowish with age
- hyaline
- covers articular surfaces of joints
- hyaline
- forms intervertebral discs
- fibrous
- found in epiglottis and ear canals
- elastic
- forms framework of lower respiratory tract
- hyaline
- found in small carilages of larynx
- elastic
- cartilage is more predominant in youngsters or adults why?
- youngsters, it forms the growing skeleton
- consist of intersecting trabeculae
- spongy
- pierced by haversian canals
- compact
- large quantity of inorganic salts deposited in matrix
- both
- appear solid to unaided eye
- compact
- appear porous to unaided eye
- spongy
- contains marrow
- spongy
- derived from the word meaning to hang upon
- appendicular
- derived from a word meaning central line
- axial
- pelvic girdle
- appendicular
- rib cage
- axial
- hyoid bone
- axial
- leg
- appendicular
- shoulder girlde
- appendicular
- skull
- axial
- mandible, lower jaw
- axial
- arm
- appendicular
- vertebral column
- axial
- more impoartnt in spech and hearing science
- axial
- soft tissue that fills cavity of bone
- marrow
- perichondrium
- tough, fibrous membrane investing cartilage
- canaliculi
- small canals
- matrix
- noncellular components of conncective tissue
- collagenous
- yields gelatin when boiled in water
- interstitial growth
- expansion due to cell multiplication
- cortex
- outer shell