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Oceaeanography Ch. 13 and 14

Terms

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Mutalism
An intimate association between different organisms in which both organisms benefit.
Bathyal
Pertaining to ocean depths between approximately 1000 and 4000 meters.
Psychrophile
Microorganisms that grow in cold temperatures such as those that live in sea ice.
Phylogenies
Evolutionary connections between ancestor organisms and their descendents.
Zooplankton
Animal forms of plankton
Conductive
Transfer of heat energy through matter by internal molecular motion
Hypoxia
Having low oxygen levels in the water; organisms may find survival in a hypoxic environment difficult or impossible.
Chemoautotrophs
Organisms that use chemical energy to drive production of organics.
Bioluminescence
Production of light by living organisms as a result of a chemical reaction either within certain cells or organs or outside the cells in some form of excretion.
Osmosis
Tendency of water to diffuse through a semipermeable membrane to make the concentration of water on one side of the membrane equal to that on the other side.
Cryoprotectants
Materials that lower the freezing points of organisms' internal fluids
Endotherm
Maintain a higher temperature than the surrounding seawater but do not have the same level of temperature control as homeotherms.
Bacterioplankton
Composed of members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea
Phytoplankton
Microscopic algal and photosynthetic forms of plankton
Benthic zone
Of the seafloor, or pertaining to organisms living on or in the sea floor
Poikilotherm
Organisms with a body temperature that varies according to the temperature of its surroundings.
Chemosynthesis
Formation of organic compounds with energy derived from inorganic substances such as ammonia, methane, sulfur, and hydrogen
Viscosous
Property of a fluid to resist flow; internal friction of a fluid
Euphotic Zone
Depth of the water column where there is sufficient sunlight for growth of photosynthetic organisms
Abyssal
Pertaining to the great depths of the ocean below approximately 4000 m
Anadramous
Migratory pattern in which juvenile fish migrate down rivers to mature as adults in the open oceans.
Nucleus
Part of a cell that houses the majority of the cell's DNA.
Diffusive
Movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (may be due to molecular motion or turbulence).
Biological pump
Photosynthetic transfer of carbons as CO2 from the atmosphere to the ocean in the form of organic molecules; carbon is transferred to intermediate and deep-ocean water when organic material sinks and decays.
Symbiosis
Living together in intimate association of two dissimilar organisms
Nekton
Pelagic animals that are active swimmers; for example adult squid, fish, and marine mammals.
Oceanic zone
Open ocean away from the direct influence of land.
Homeotherm
Organism with a body temperature that varies only within narrow limits.
Parasitism
An intimate association between different organisms in which one is benefited and the other is harmed.
Respiration
Metabolic process by which food or food-storage molecules yield the energy on which all living cells depend.
Neritic zone
: Shallow-water marine environment extending from low water to the edge of the continental shelf
Photosynthesis
Manufacture by plants of organic substances and release of oxygen from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and the green pigment chlorophyll.
Twilight Zone
Region of the water column where there is some light but not enough for photosynthesis.
Benthos
Organisms living on or in the ocean bottom.
Photoautotrophs
Organisms that harness light energy to generate organic matter.
Hypoxic
Having low oxygen levels in the water; organisms may find survival in a hypoxic environment difficult or impossible.
Sublittoral
Benthic zone from the low-tide line to the seaward edge of the continental shelf; the subtidal zone.
Eukaryote
Grouping of organisms based on cell morphology. Eukaryotes are either unicellular or multicellular. All eukaryotic cells contain internal membrane-bound cell structure, including the nucleus that contains cellular DNA.
Heterotrophs
Pertaining to organisms requiring organic compounds for food; unable to manufacture food from inorganic compounds.
Piezophile
Microorganisms algal and photosynthetic forms of plankton.
Pelagic Zone
Primary division of the sea, which includes the whole mass of water subdivided into neritic and oceanic zones; also pertaining to the open sea.
Aphotic
That part of the ocean in which light is insufficient to carry on photosynthesis
Littoral
Area of the shore between mean high water and mean low water; the intertidal zone.
Prokaryote
Grouping of organisms based on morphology. All prokaryotes are unicellular with no internal membrane structures. Prokaryotes are composed of members of the domains Archaea and Bacteria.
Substrate
Material making up the base on which an organism lives or to which it is attached.
Epifauna
Animals attached to the sea bottom or moving freely over it.
Incidental catch/by-catch
The portion of any catch or harvest taken in addition to the targeted species.
Infauna
Animals that live buried in the sediment
Taxonomy
Scientific classification of organisms
Plankton
Passively drifting or weakly swimming organisms
Mitochondria
Used to derive energy from food in cells.
Mixotrophic plankton
Phytoplankton that can both photosynthesize and consume organic matter depending on environmental conditions.
Hadal
Pertaining to the greatest depths of the ocean
Supralittoral
Benthic zone above the high-tide level that is moistened by waves, spray, and extremely high tides; also called splash zone.
Catadramous
Migratory pattern in which juvenile fish spawn in the open ocean but mature in freshwater.
Anoxia
Deficiency in oxygen.
Hypothermophile
Microorganisms that can grow at temperatures greater than 90 degrees Celsius. Many microorganisms that live at the hydrothermal vents are hyperthermophiles.
Commensalisms
An intimate association between different organisms in which one is benefited and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Anaerobe
Living or functioning in the absence of oxygen.
Chloroplasts
Used to harvest sunlight by photosynthesis in cells.
Autotrophs
Pertaining to organisms able to manufacture their own food from inorganic substances.
Wetland
Saltwater and brackish marshes and swamps , known as wetlands, border estuaries and provide nutrients, food, shelter, and spawning areas for marine species, including such commercially important organisms as crabs, shrimp, oysters, clams, and many species of fish.
Biomechanics
The field of research that looks for answers to how chemistry and physics affect basic biological characteristics such as size and shape

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