Sociology Chapters 1,5,8,10,13

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The social context in which people live.: Social Perspective
A group of people who share a culture or territory.: Society.
Where people occupy.: Social Location
Requires theories that can be tested by research.: Science
Using objective, systematic observations to test theories.: Scientific Method
Applying scientific method to the social world: Positivism
Who found positivism?: Auguste Comte
The study of society.: Sociology
Who came up with sociology?: Auguste Comte
The second founder of sociology.: Herbert Spencer
Who came up with social Darwinism?: Herbert Spencer
Struggle between capitalists and workers.: Conflict theory
Who came up with conflict theory?: Karl Marx
"capitalists", own the capital, land, factories, and machines.: Bourgeoisi
Workers: Proletariat
The degree to which people are tied to their social groups.: Social integration
Who came up with social integration?: Emile Durkheim
Changes in religion brought about capitalism: Protestant ethic
Who came up with protestant ethic?: Max Weber
Founder of Hull House: Jane Adams
First African American sociologist.: W. E. B. Du Bois
Analyzing some aspect of society: Basic sociology
Using sociology to solve problems: Applied sociology
Harnessing the sociological perspective for the benefit of the public.: Public Sociology
A general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work.: Theory
Three theories of sociology: Symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory
Things to which we attach meaning.: Symbols
The symbols are the key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with each other.: Symbolic interactionsim
Who came up with symbolic interactionism?: Charles Horton Cooley, William I. Thomas, and George Herbert Mead
Society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together.: Functional analysis
Who came up with functional analysis?: Robert Merton
Manifest function: Intended
Latent function.: Unintended
A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources.: Conflict theory
Examine large-scale patterns of society: Macro level
Examine small-scale patterns of society: Micro level
What people do when they are in one another's presence.: Social interaction
Gestures, use of space: Nonverbal interaction
Research model: - select a topic
- define the problem
- research
- formulate a hypothesis
- choose a research method
- collect the data
- analyze the data
- share
A testable statement: Hypothesis
Factors that vary: Variables
Ways to measure the variable: Operational definitions
You must measure what you intended to.: Validity
A series of questions you ask others.: Survey
The target group you are going to study.: Population
Individuals from among your target group.: Sample
The people who answer your questions.: Respondents
Provides answers for the respondents: Closed-ended questions
Allows the individual to formulate their own answers.: Open-ended questions.
Feeling of trust.: Rapport
The researcher participates while observing what is happening.: Participant observation; Field work
The researcher focuses on a single event.: Case study
Researchers analyze data others have collected.: Secondary analysis
Written sources.: Documents
Causes the change.: Independent variables
Changes: Dependent variables
Observing the behavior of people who are not aware that they are being studied.: Unobtrusive measures
Beliefs about what is good or desirable in life and the way the world ought to be.: Values
Value neutrality: Objectivity
Sociologists values should not affect research.: Value Free
Who came up with value free?: Max Weber
Repeating a study in order to compare results.: Replication
People share space but do not see themselves belonging together.: Aggregate
Family, friends, nontransferable, buffer between individual and needs of secondary group, close, intimate, warm: Primary group
Informal group, anonymous, based on common interest: Secondary group
Refers how organizations come to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite.: Iron law of oligarchy
Groups to which we feel loyal.: In-groups
Groups toward which we feel antagonism.: Out-groups
The groups we refer to when we evaluate ourselves.: Reference groups
After an organization achieves its goal and no longer has a reason to continue, continue it does.: Goal displacement
Claimed bureaucracy would dominate our lives.: Max Weber
Bureaucracies, with their roles on emphasis on results, would increasingly dominate our lives.: Rationalization of society
Found self-fulfilling stereotypes to be part of a "hidden" corporate culture.: Rosabeth Moss Kanter
Refers to how groups influence us and how we affect groups.: Group dynamic
Stated as small group grows larger, it becomes dyad, triad, more stable, but its intensity, or intimacy, decreases.: George Simmel
Consists of two people: Dyad
Consists of three people: Triad
Also known as bystander effect. The more people at the scene of an accident the less likely someone will call for help.: Diffusion of responsibility.
People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another.: Groups
Consists of people who temporarily share the same space but who do not see themselves as belonging together.: Aggregate
A statistic; consists of people who share similar characteristics.: Category
A group made up of volunteers who organize on the basis of some mutual interest.: Voluntary association
Refers to how organizations come to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite; the inner circle: The iron law of oligarchy
Who came up with the iron law of oligarchy?: Robert Michels
Refers to people who are linked to one another.: Social network
The cluster within a group who choose to interact with one another.: Clique
Individuals who regularly interact with one another on the Internet and who think of themselves as belonging together.: Electronic community
A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records.: Bureaucracies
Who came up with bureaucracies?: Max Weber
Bureaucracies have...: 1. Clear levels, with assignments flowing downward and accountability flowing upward.
2. A division of labor
3. Written rules
4. Written communications and records
5. Impersonality and replaceability
A widespread acceptance of rationality (efficiency; evaluating an action according to its impact on the "bottom line") and social organizations that are built largely around this idea.: The rationalization of society
An organization replacing old goals with new ones, also known as goal replacement.: Goal displacement
Marx's term for workers lack of connection to the product.: Alienation
Each employee of a bureaucracy is promoted to his/her level of incompetence.: Peter principle
The values, norms, and other orientations that characterize corporate work settings.: Corporate culture
There are a few enough members that each one can interact directly with all the other members.: Small group
Some group members aligning themselves against others.: Coalitions
People who influence the behaviors, opinions, or attitudes of others.: Leaders
Tries to keep the group moving towards its goals.: Task-oriented leader
An individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group.: Socioemotional leader
Ways of expressing yourself as a leader.: Leadership styles
One who gives orders.: Authoritarian leader
One who tries to gain a consensus.: Democratic leader
One who is highly permissive.: Laissez-faire
A narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct course of action, in which to even suggest alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty.: Groupthink
Who came up with groupthink?: Irving Janis
A large group of people who rank closely to one another in property, power, and prestige.: Social class
Who came up with social class?: Marx Weber
Material possessions; animals, bank accounts, bonds, buildings, businesses, cars, furniture, land, and stocks.: Property
When you add up the value of someone's property and subtract that person's debt.: Wealth
In the 1950's, what sociologist was criticized for insisting that power was concentrated in the hands of a few, for his analysis contradicted the dominant ideology of equality.: C. Wright Mills
The ability to get your way despite resistance.: Power
Refers to those who make the big decisions in U.S. society.: Power elite
Respect or regard.: Prestige
Ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class.: Status consistent
Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others.: Status inconsistency
Who analyzed how people try to maximize their status, their position in a social group.: Gerhard Lenski
A position in the class structure that generates contradictory interests.: Contradictory class locations.
The change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next.: Intergeneration mobility
Movement up the social class ladder.: Upward social mobility
Movement down the social class ladder.: Downward social mobility
Movement up or down the social class ladder that is due to changes in the structure of society, not to individual efforts.: Structural mobility
About the same numbers of moving up and down the social class ladder, such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change.: Exchange mobility
The official measure of poverty; calculated to include incomes that are less than three times a low-cost food budget.: Poverty line
Refers to most U.S. poor families being headed by women.: Feminization of poverty.
The belief that due to limitless possibilities anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough.: Horatio Alger Myth
Biological characteristics that distinguish males from females, including primary and secondary characteristics.: Sex
Traits a group considers proper for males and females.: Gender
Feminist sociologist who suggested that women are better prepared biologically for mothering than men.: Alice Rossi
Addressed the level of testosterone and social factors in relation to behavior.: The Vietnam Veterans Study
The practice of men dominating women.: Patriarchy
Anthropologist who proposed because men are stronger than women and better prepared for hand-to-hand combat, men became warriors and women the reward.: Marvin Harris
The view that biology is not destiny and stratification by gender is wrong.: Feminism
The tendency for earned higher education degrees to follow gender, reinforcing male-female distinctions.: Gender Tracking
The consequences of so many women joining the ranks of paid labor.: Quiet Revolution
The invisible barrier that keeps women from reaching top positions in large corporations.: Glass Ceiling
Accelerating men into higher level positions who are in traditionally women occupations.: Glass Escalator
Unwanted sexual attention at work or school which creates a higher work environment.: Sexual Harrassment
The belief that attitudes towards the aged are rooted in society and differ by social group.: Social Construction of Age
The number of years a person can expect to live.: Life Expectancy
The increasing proportion of older people in the U.S. population.: The Graying of America
Coined the term ageism.: Robert Butler
Proposed the Townsend Plan in 1934 as a national retirement plan for the elderly.: Francis Townsend

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