1st Semester Biology Exam Review
Terms
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- Tissue
- Groups of cells that have similar abilities and that allow the organ to function.
- Compound Light Microscope
- magnifies by allowing ligh to pass through na object and then through two ro more lenses
- centrioles
- one of 2 tiny structures located in cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
- Hydrolysis
- water is used to break down a polymer
- Transition Electron Microscope
- Transmits a beam of electrons through a thinly sliced specimen
- Kilocalories
- measurement of energy in units
- Cell
- The smallest unit that can perform all life's processes.
- Organization
- The higher degree of order within an organism's internal and external parts.
- Products
- Ending materials in a chemical reaction.
- Nucleus
- Central region of an atom
- Metabolism
- Sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.
- hydrogen bond
- the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge.
- Chromosomes
- structures in the nucleus made up of DNA and protein
- phagocytosis
- movement of large particles or whole cells
- Krebs Cycle
- break down of acetyl CoA to CO2, Hydrogen, and ATP
- Homeostasis
- Maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions.
- Organelle
- Tiny structures that carry out functions nessecary for the cell to stay alive
- Covalent Bonds
- form when electrons are shared between atoms
- Capillarity
- a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries
- Procaryotes
- Lack a membrane bound nucleus
- central vacuole
- a large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes
- Nucleus
- contains cells DNA
- lysosomes
- contain digestive enzymes
- Molecule
- the smallest particle (one or more atoms) of a substance that has all the properties of that substance
- Mass number
- Total number of Protons and Neutrons
- Biology
- The study of life.
- Chemiosmosis
- The synthesis of atp
- Reactant
- a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction
- Unicellular
- Organism's made up of one cell.
- C4 pathways
- alternative pathway enables certain plants to fix co2 into four carbon compounds
- Experimental Group
- In a scientific experiment, a group that differs from another group only with the respect to the variable being studied.
- acid
- Hydronium is greater than the number of hydroxides
- Theory
- A tested statement based on many proven hypothesis
- Scientific Method
- To learn how the natural world works.
- Electron microscope
- Uses a beam of electrons to produce an enlarged image of the specimen.
- polar compound
- a molecule that has an uneven distribution of electrons
- plasmolysis
- when a cell is in a hypertonic environment, the cell will lose water to its surroundings, shrink, and its plasma membrane will pull away from the wall
- Vesicle
- membrane bound organelle
- Grana
- stacks of thylakoids
- Thylakoids
- system of flattened membrenous sacks called thylakoids
- cytolysis
- pathological breakdown of cells by the destruction of their outer membrane
- turgor pressure
- Water pressure inside a plant cell's central vacuole; causes the stiffness of the plant cell
- Ribosomes
- non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis
- Chemical Reaction
- (chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others
- CAM Pathways
- water conserving pathway using carbon
- Golgi apparatus
- modifies cellular products for export
- Thylakoids
- membrane surrounding the chloroplasts that are arranged as flattened sacks.
- Nucleolus
- a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus
- Reproduction
- Organisms produce new organisms.
- Cell Division
- The formation of two new cells from an existing cell.
- Scanning Electron Microscope
- Shows 3-D image of specimen
- Disaccharide
- double sugar
- Development
- The process by which an organism becomes a mature adult.
- Gene
- Segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait of an organism.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Transfers molecules from one part of the cell to another
- Mitochondria
- transform organic molecules into energy
- Organ
- Structures that carry out specialized jobs.
- pinocytosis
- transports of solutes or fluids
- Multicellular
- Organism's made up of multiple cells.
- Matter
- Anything that occupies space and has mass
- Endocytosis
- process by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, and large particles
- Chemical Bonds
- an attraction between two atoms resulting from the sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges
- calvin Cycle
- Series of enzyme assisted chemical reactions that produce a three carbon sugar
- Compounds
- Made up of atoms of 2 or more elements in fixed proportions.
- Carbon fixation
- Incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds
- Glycolysis
- a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
- Biological Molecule
- Chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that bring about many cellular functions.
- Independent Variable
- (statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables
- Stroma
- fluid surrounding the grana
- Oxidation Reduction Reactions
- Electron transfer reactions, result in new products. First step involves loss of electrons by an element (oxidation), and the second involves a gain in electrons (reduction).
- Ionic Bond
- Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
- chloroplasts
- found in plants and algae and absorb light
- functional groups
- group of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions in an organic molecule
- Ion
- An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
- Peer Review
- Evaluation of the scientific merit of research or scientific reports by experts in the area under review.
- Monosaccharide
- Monomer of a carbohydrate
- What are the three domains?
- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
- Fatty Acids
- Make up most liquids
- ATP
- Adenosine Triphosphate
- Control Group
- the group that gets no special treatment
- Energy
- Ability to do work