Tooth Histology: Dr.B Fall 06
Terms
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- Golgi Complex
- Package protein for secretion
- How does protein get out of the cell?
- golgi complex package fuses with cell wall and protein is released.(exocytosis) Package becomes part of the cell wall.
- Mitochondria
-
Organelles responsible for energy production: ATP
Cell powerhouse - What is the purpose of the folds located in the mitochondria?
- Increased surface area
- Rough ER/Smooth ER
- Primarily functions to modify, store, segregate and transport proteins made by ribosomes to other parts of the cell or outside the cell.
- Why is the Rough ER rough?
- Ribosomes are attatched (studded)
- Smooth ER
-
-attatched to Rough ER
-purpose to twist and turn so that reactive sites are exposed
-changes the config. of protein from Rough ER - Ribosomes
-
-protien factories
-made in the nucleus
-can be free in the cytoplasm or bound to membranes - Phagocytosis
-
cell ingesting material to eat
implies destruction - Endocytosis
- cell takes in materials that it needs
- What are the inner fols on the mitochondrial called?
- crystae
- Lysosomes
-
-bags of very very powerful enzymes produced in the cell used to injest waste and foreign material.
(phagocytosis)
-made in the Golgi complex - Cytoskeleton that maintains the 3D shape of the cell
- Microtubles and Microfilaments
- Rigid, hollow tubes that allow amino aids to travel thru to diff. parts of the cell
- Microtubles
- No tube, rigid rods to keep cells shape.
- Microfilaments
- Used to injest/encase=inest
- Vacuole
- Have their own DNA passed down from your maternal side
- Mitochondria
- The sperm and egg are known as_? with how many chromosomes each?
-
gametes
23 chromosomes a piece - The 2 gametes form to make a single cell called a _? with how many chromosomes?
-
zygote
46 chromosomes - A hollow ball of cells known as a _ is formed _ hours after fertilization?
-
Blastocyst
60 hours - The Blastoyst travels down what tube?
- Fallopian
- What is trisomy 21?
- 3 of chromosome #21 = Downs Syndrome
- Cells that have not gone thru _ are a source of stem cell research beause they haven't decided what they are going to become yet and can be steered.
- Differetiation
- The cells begin to seperate into 2 layers in the Blastoyst called:
- The epiblast and hypoblast layers
- Some cells from the _ layer begin to migrate to the center to form
-
Epiblast
Mesoderm - Ectoderm becomes
- Skin, mucosa, hair, glands
- Mesoderm becomes
- CT, blood, bone, cartilage, muscle, nerve
- Endoderm becomes
- lining tissues, (lines tubes and vessels in the body)and some nerves
-
Epiblasts form _
Hypoblasts form_ -
Ectoderm
Endoderm - This tissue type covers a surface
- Epithelium
- the first word used to describe epithelium refers to its_, the second word refers to its_
-
# of layers
shape - epith. that is thin, fragile and must be in an area where it cean be protected Ex. linings, conjuctiva of the ey
- Squamous (fried eggs)
- Boxes of cells, can be simple or stratified. Ex. Lines Ducts
- Cuboidal
- Long cells with visible nucleus Ex. lines all sinuses, trachea, brochia 02 and CO2 must be able to pass thru
- Columnar
- False columnar epith. nucleus at diff. levels you cant tell where the boudaries are
-
Psuedostratified
Ex.Respiratory Tract - cell membrane projections that increase surface area. Usually found on columnar cells.
-
Mirovilli
Ex. Intestines-absorb more nutrients. - cell membrane hairlike projections common in the respiratory tract used to push materials in on direction
-
Cilia
also found in the fallopian tube, pushes egg - Unique cells found only in the bladder. multiple layers ntil stressed then only 1-2 layers thick
- Transitional Epithelium
- Epithelium cannot come in direct contact with what type of tisses below it?
- Connective tissue
- Juction that bonds the CT and Epith. together
- Basement Membrane
- Are cells present in the BM?
- No
- Deepest layer where epith. reproduce themselves. Tall cells here attatched to the basement membrane.
-
Basal Layer:
Stratum Basale or Strata Germinativum - Cuboidal shaped cells here that are btwn 3-5 layers thick
- Spinus Layer
- how many layers in SSE?
- 4
- this layer is about 2 layers thick. As the cells move up and flatten the nuces dies and keratinhyaline granules beome present
- granlar layer
- protects skin from trauma
- keratin
- what is the sometimes unmentioned name of the clear layer between the granular layer and the keratin layer?
- stratum lucidum
- this top layer contains flat, dead keratinized epith.cells
- keratin layer or stratum corneum
- if the SSE is composed mainly of dead cells how does it receive O2 and nutrients?
- blood vessels just below the stratum basale diffuse
- why do the cells begin to die in SSE?
- as they move up they get further and further away from the food source
- what type of tisse is the BM made up of?
- its a coagulation of underlying tissue and the basal layer cells
- what is missing from persons with skin cancer?
- A BM
-
what holds the SSE cells together?
describe how they're held -
desmosomes = cell to cell attatchment
each cell contributes half of the attatchment -
what holds the basal layer to the BM?
desribe how they're held -
hemidesosomes = cell to Bm attatchment
only cell ontribtes to attachment bc BM is not made up of cells=non living - cells with no keratin present
- orthokeratin
- some cells with nucleus resent others with keratin
- parakeratin
- if there is parakeratin present what would you conclude?
-
the layers do ot have enough time to create granuals-cells dont have time to die
Commonly found in the mouth - increases the surface area and allows for more SSE to be attatched to the underlying CT
- Rete Pegs
- Where in the mouth would we NOT find keratinized SSE?
- in the gingival sulcus
- why is there no keratinized epithelium found in the gingival sulcus?
- bc there is no trauma to this epith. no food rubs in this area
- what is the brown pigment found in keratinized cells?
- melanin
- melanin comes from specialized cells. Can you find these cel types in the mouth?
- yes
- clusters of salivary glands
- acini
- what type of cells are salivary glands?
- modiified epith. cells
- Can epithelium b in diret contact with CT?
- no
- what would be the composition of saliva if was secreted out of the serous gland alveoli?
- watery
- what would be the composition of saliva if it was secreted out of the mucous gland alveoli?
- thick and viscous
- this specialized epith. cell has some contractile capability like muscle
- myoepithelial cells
- this epith. cells lines ducts and each acini. squeees out more saliva when necc. Ex. lemon drop-ots of saliva
- myoepithelial cells
- ducts are lined with what type of epith.
- simple cuboidal epith.