PY101 CH.2
Terms
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- a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
- hypothesis
- are any measurable con- ditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study.
- variables
- a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
- theory
- onsist of various approaches to the observa- tion, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies.
- research method
- is a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result
- experiment
- occurs when two variables are linked together in a way that makes it dif- fi cult to sort out their specifi c effects.
- confounding of variables
- are any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to infl u- ence the dependent variable in a speciï¬ c study.
- extraneous variable
- when a researcher engages in careful observation of behavior with- out intervening directly with the subjects.
- naturalistic observation
- occurs when a subject’s behavior is altered by the presence of an observer.
- reactivity
- an in-depth investigation of an individual subject.
- case study
- researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather infor- mation about specific aspects of participants’ background, attitudes, beliefs, or behavior.
- survey
- the use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numeri- cal data.
- statistics
- the score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores.
- median
- the arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution
- mean
- the most frequent score in a distribution.
- mode
- exists when two variables are related to each other.
- correlation
- a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.
- correlation coefficient
- are used to interpret data and draw conclusions
- ferentian statistics
- exist when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low.
- statistical significance
- which consists of personal stories about specifi c incidents and experiences.
- anecdotal evidence