Ch 1 - Ten Themes in Study of Life
Terms
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- List each level in the hierarchy of organization.
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Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
Population
Biological Community
Ecosystem - What 3 generalizations constitute cell theory?
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1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the smallest entity that still retains the properties of life.
3. New cells arise only from cells that already exist. - Describe the concept of emergent properties.
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An organism is greater than the sum of its parts.
EG Hammer head without a hammer handle is basically useless - What is the term used for reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study?
- Reductionism
- Natural Selection
- Organisms with favorable traits to the environment will have an increased chance of survival and reproduction.
- Who is the english scientist was the first to describe and name cells?
- Robert Hooke (1665)
- Origin of Species
- Descent with modification.
- What are the 2 major kinds of cells, and what sizes are they?
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1. Prokaryotic-very small <1 micro meter in diameter
2. Eukaryotic-10-100 micrometers in diameter - What do all living things have in common?
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1. Order (structure)
2. Reproduction
3. Growth and Development: DNA
4. Energy Utilization: transforms energy to do work
5. Response to the environment
6. Homeostasis - Bio internal regulatory mechanism
7. Evolutionary Adaptation: due to interaction with environment - What are the 2 main differences between a Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell?
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A Eukaryotic cell has membrane bound organelles
In particular its DNA is contained in a nucleus - This is the entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits.
- Define a Genome
- Describe the alphabet of inheritance
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The 4 chemical letters (nucleotides A,T/U,C,G)
Words are 100's to 1000's letters long
Genome is 3 billion chemical letters long - Who coined the term "cell"; after looking at a cork through a microscope?
- Robert Hooke
- Who saw small animacules through a compound microscope?
- Leeuwenhook
- Who are the 2 inventors of cell theory?
- Schleinden and Schwann
- An entity that exchanges materials and energy with its surroundings is said to have an ___ ___.
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Open System
Exchanges energy from one form to another - Define Heat
- The unordered energy of random molecular motion
- Define Homeostasis
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Regulatory mechanisms that determine precisely when, where, and how fast certain reactions occur in a cell
EG Negative feedback = stop
Positive feedback = go - List the 3 domains of life
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1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya -
List the nutrition modes for these 3 kingdoms:
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi -
These 3 things briefly categorize what 3 kingdoms?
1. Autotroph
2. Heterotroph
3. Decomposer - What process accounts for the combination of unity and diversity in life?
- Evolution
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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"Descent with Modification"
He studied how the diversity of life came to be.
"Natural Selection" - Descent with Modification
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Genetic change over time (generations) in a population of species.
(NOT CHANGES IN AN INDIVIDUAL) - Evolution
- Genetic change over generations in a population of organisms.
- This is an editing process, with heritable variations exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individual over others.
- Natural Selection
- Adaptation is a product of ____ ____.
- Natural Selection
- Features shared by 2 species are due to their _____ and differences between the species are due to ______ ______.
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1. Descent
2. Natural Selection - The process of science blends these 2 main types of exploration.
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1. Discovery Science (Descriptive Science) eg Sequencing the human genome
2. Hypothetico-deductive reasoning - Name the 2 types of logic
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1. Inductive reasoning - discovery science
2. Hypothetico-deductive reasoning - hypothetico-deductive science - What is a generalization that summarizes many concurrent observations?
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Inductive Reasoning
EG All organisms are made of cells - Another word for Hypothetico-Deductive Science is __________
- The Scientific Method
- Another word for The Science Method is __________
- Hypothetico-Deductive Science
- Define a hypothesis in laymans terms
- An educated guess that is testable and repeatable
- This type of reasoning is from specific observations to a general conclusion.
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Inductive Reasoning
EG All organisms are made of cells - This type of reasoning is from general observations to a specific conclusion
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Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
EG If..Then prediction - This is about what outcomes of experiments or observations we expect if a particular hypothesis is correct.
- Predictions
- KNOW THIS - SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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Hypothesis to Prediction
If to Then
Cause to Effect
Independent to Dependent
x-axis to y-axis - What is the biological reproductive barrier?
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Species
RE: Speciation - What type of variable is measured, counted or observed in response to the experimental condition?
- Dependent Variable
- What type of variable is manipulated?
- Independent Variable
- What type of variable would have significant effects on the outcome of the experiment if it wasn't kept constant?
- Controlled Variable
- KNOW THIS - CONTROLLED VARIABLE
- It is impossible to define all the controlled variables
- AKA Controlled Variable
- AKA Alternative Independent Variable
- List the 6 steps of the scientific method
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1. Questions - based on observation
2. Background research - has the qu. already been answerered
3. Hypothesis - general stmt EG Diet affects cardiovascular fitness
4. Prediction - defines the experiment
5. Do Experiment
6. Conclusions - What are the 2 types of experiments?
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1. Retrospective - relys on information through such things as surveys
2. Prospective - testing takes place during the study - What is the term used for describing the method to be performed for the experiment?
- Experimental Procedure
- What is known as the value set for the independent variable?
- Level of Treatment
- What is known as the number of times the same procedure will be repeated?
- Replication
- What is tested when independent variable being set to an established level or completely omitted?
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Control Group
This tests what happens if the hypothesis is not supported - List the 3 variables that must be identified in designing an experiment.
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1. Independent Variable(s)
2. Dependent Variable
3. Controlled Variable(s) - When is it best to use a line graph?
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This type of graph is used to present continuous data.
It emphasizes the rise and fall of values over a range. -
When is it best to use a bar graph?
AKA Histograms -
This graph is used to illustrate date that represents:
1. Separate groups
2. Discontinuous groups
3. Non-numerical categories - What term describes the different properties that elements have when they come together?
- Emergent Properties
- What are the groups in an experiment?
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1. Experimental Group
2. Control Group - What is supported by an accumulation of extensive and varied evidence?
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A Theory
EG Natural Selection is a scientific theory - What does the term "science" mean in Latin?
- To know