Quiz 4
Terms
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2 aspects of Qualitative/interpretive
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Case studies, especially for "unique" circumstances
Grounded theory
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3 aspects of experimental and quasi-experimental designs
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Involve manipulation (IV)
May involve randomization
May involve inclusion, exclusion, and statistical controls
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3 types of explanatory designs
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1. Cross sectional and longitudinal designs
2. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs
3. Qualitative/Interpretive
- 4 aspects of cross sectional and longitudinal designs
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1. involve no manipulation
2. involve no randomization
3. Use inclusion, exclusion, and statistacal controls
4. Often IVs are considered predictive rather than causal
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4 items of research reactivity
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Demand characteristics
Experimenter bias
Novelty & disruption effects
Placebo effects
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4 methods of control
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1. Manipulation of the independent variables
2. Elimination or inclusion of extraneous variables
3. Statistical control through multivariate analyses
4. Randomization
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4 parts of an empirical article
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- Intro
- Methodology
- Results
- Discussion
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Inferring causality: 3 conditions must be met
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1. The proposed cause must precede the proposed effect in time
2. There must be a statistical association between independent and dependent variables
3. The relationship between the IV & DV must not be spurious--explai
- Abstract
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Brief summary of the article
--includes major findings
- Ambiguity
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It isn't clear that the independent variable preceded the dependent variable in time
The direction of the change is unclear
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Causal inference allows one to determine
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that a change or variation in the dependent variable was produced (or caused) by the independent variable and not something else
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Diffusion/treatment imitation
- The observed change may result from communication between members of experiment and control/comparison groups in a study
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Experimental attrition or mortality
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Participants who complete a study may be different than those who drop out during the course of the study
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Explanatory research seeks to explain
- Changes in dependent variables by attributing these changes to the influence of independent variables
- External validity
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The extent to which study findings can be generalized:
representativeness of study sample, settings, and procedures
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External validity
- the extent to whcih the causal relationship depicted in a study can be generalized beyond the study conditions
- History
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External events that correspond in time with the introduction/manipulation of the IV and confound the results
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Instrumentation/instrumentation changes
- The outcome of the dependent variable may be the result of measurement error (i.e. reliability and validity issues)
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Internal validity
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The confidence we have that the results of a study accurately depict whether one variable is or is not a cause of another
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Introduction (4 functions)
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Summarizes the literature in the area of research; Provides a background to the problem/scope of the problem; Provides objectives and rationale for the study; Conveys the importance of the study; Shows how the study is connected to and will build upon
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Maturation/Passage of Time
- The change in the dependent variable is a result of natural growth & development, rather than the stimulus of the IV.
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Methodology includes:
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Sampling
Operational definitions of variables
Standardized measures
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Novelty and disruption effects
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The observed change may be the result of participation in a research study or a new program
- O
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Represents the observation
- R
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Random assignment of subjects into groups
- Results
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No discussion usually; simply statistic reporting
Is it statistically significant?
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Selection bias
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Differences between 2 or more groups may be due to the way in which they were selected, rather than from the independent variable stimulus
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Statistical regression
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When initial measurements of the dependent variable are extremely high or low, it is likely that they will regress towards the mean
- Testing
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The process of testing influences the way in which respondents perform on subsequent measures of the DV
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The process of controll
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In explanatory studies, we try to rule out alternative explanations through a process of CONTROL
- X
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Represents the experimental stimulus (intervention/IV)
You can have more than one stimulus