Psychology 331
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Abnormal Psychology:
- the study of abnormal cognitions, behaviors, and emotions
- Psycholpathology:
- \"mind\"-\"disease\"
- Why is context so important to determine abnormal behavior?
- A behavior isolated from context can make it difficult to determine whether a behavior is abnormal or not ie. A woman refuses to eat (anorexic? or tooth appt?) or A man is talking to himself in public (schizo or rehearsing?)
- What exactly do psychologists do?
- Understand the context in which a behavior occurs can bemuch more helpful!
- What are the 4 D\'s defining abnormality?
- Deviance Dysfunction Distress Danger
- What do each of the 4 D\'s have in common?
- Each has its appeal and limitations.
- Deviance:
- statistical infrequency Appeal: Most psychological disorders occur in a minority of the population ex. Bipolar, depression Limitations: athletic, music talentedand genius
- Deviance: second definition
- going against normal behavior Appeal: many symptoms of disorders deviate from what is considered to be normal behavior (or emotion) ie. hallucinations limitations: prostitution, not a diagnosis just not socailly acceptable
- Deviance: Cross Cultrual Comparison
- some disorders are consistent across culture Some are not ie. Koro- genetalia retracting and killing you KAyak Angst and eating disorders
- Dysfunction
- Functional impairtment (work, relationships) Appeal: many disorders do lead to fxnal impairment Limitaion: breaking a leg is not a disorder
- (Personal) Distress
- Psychological suffering Appeal: most disorders present with some degree of distress (phobias must have distress to be diagnosed Limitaion: some abnormal behavior is not distressing ex. Hannibal is not distressed
- Danger:
- danger to oneself or others Appeal: danger to harm self or others Limitations:phobia of bees is no harm to oneself Also ghandi did harm to himself but not because of a mental disorder
- Facts of Psychology\" What are the percents of adults and children in the US that display serious psychological disturbnces?
- adults: 30% children: 19%
- Facts of psychopathology: What percent of adults have had 3 or more lifetime diagnoses fo disorders?
- 14% of adults
- What gender is depression and anxiety most commonly found?
- women
- What gender is most common to substance abuse, substance dependance, and antisocial personality disorder?
- men
- Incidence:
- a rate of onset of a disorder in any given time period usually a year, a number of new cases in a period of time
- Prevalence:
- measuring number of active cases
- Lifetime Prevalence:
- % of people who have had a disorder during their lifetime
- Comorbidity:
- how many people have had more than one disorder at one point in time
- Influence of Insurance coverage
- page 20-21
- Abnormality in History: Psychogenic persepective
- abnormal behavior due to forces in the brain Hypnosis: \"making normal individuals\" one can give or take away abnormal activities
- Abnormality in History: Somatogenic perspective
- abnormal activities is due to biological causes, physical problem, lobotomies can be done to make changes within the brain
- Abnormality in History: Moral treatment
- Dorthea Dix, to care for them in an humane wy, more comfortable environment, but caused more neg. views of mentally ill becasue the movement grew too quickly, there were more buildings than staff
- Abnormality in History:Deinstitutionalization
- removal of the hospitals and the ill were allowed back onto the streets to live functional lives and be treated. Bad: they were responsible for their treatment, stop meds maybe, crime went up, causeing them to be homeless.
- Etiology:
- study of the causal pattern of abnormal behavior (paradigms)
- Models (or Paradigms) of Abnormality: Biological Model
- Limbic system, neural communications, key neurotransmitters Endocrine system, polygenic inheritance Concordance and how we can look at concordance between twins to determine the effects of genes or environment (shared and nonshared) on a trait
- Autonomic Nervous System
- happens automatically, controls INvoluntary body functions
- Autonomic: Sympathetic Nervous System:
- FIGHT
- Autonomic: Parasympathetic Nervous System:
- FLIGHT
- Important Neurotransmitters: Dopamine
- released when experiencing pleasure or reward (++) hallucnations
- Neurotransmitter: Serotonin(5-HT)
- mood, hunger, sleep and arousal (--)leads to depression
- Neurotransmitter: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- \"calming\" NT, inhibits neural activity (--) over activating or anxiety
- Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine (NE)
- Alertness and Arousal (--) depression
- Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (ACh)
- learning, memory, muscle contractions, Alzheimer\'s
- What is examined in the LIMBIC SYSTEM?
- mood, fear, and emotion
- What do DENDRITES do?
- receive signals
- What do TERMINALS do?
- transport signals to other neurons
- What is an AP?
- electrical signal which causes the release of NT
- Where does communication between neurons occur?
- the fluid-filled gap, the synapse
- AGONISTS:
- perceived as the NT it is like= mimic
- ANTAGONISTS:
- block effects of the NT
- SSRI\'s (selective serotonin receptive inhibitors):
- medicine that prevent uptake of serotonin and is leftover in the synapse= low levels of serotonin in body
- What is the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?
- body communication
- What are HORMONES?
- chemical messengers of the body
- What is HPA axis?
- control reaction to stress, immune, digestion= regulates stress
- What is \"Polygenic\"?
- -multiple genes -several genes influence a trait -mental illnesses have polygenic influence
- What is concordance?
- presence of the same trait in both twins
- Psychodynamic Paradigm: Unconscious conflict
- conflicts between sexual and moral tendencies
- Psychodynamic Paradigm:Defense Mechanisms
- Table 3-1, pg. 58
- Psychdynamic: Therapy Procedures: Free Assoc.
- couch- talk
- Psychdynamic: Therapy Procedures: Resistance
- Psychdynamic: Therapy Procedures: Transference
- Behavioral Paradigm: Classical Conditioning
- Pavlov- pairing of the autonomic fear response= the cause of a phobia
- Behavioral Paradigm: Operant Conditioning
- Skinner, learning is based on consequences of behavior, punishment, reinforcment for the future
- Behavioral Paradigm: Modeling
- Bandura, learn by imitating others, BoBo doll study
- What is conditioned emotional responses?
- e.g. fear and anxiety can be conditioned
- What is SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION?
- Wolpe, gradual, anxiety reduces over time
- Cognitive Model: Ellis and Beck
- focuses on thoughts or beliefs as causing or maintaining psychological symptoms, challenging clients thoughts, make their thinking more positive.
- Humanistic- Existential Model:
- behavior is product of free will, positive views of human nature, reaching ones highest potential, abnormal behvior is a product of society.
- Sociocultural Model: Labeling, (Rosenhan study):
- it is hard to rid of the \"labeling\", labels affect those they have been applied to
- Sociocultural Model: Social support
- One that has a close network will not suffer long
- Integrating models: Diathesis- Stress model:
- vulnerability to develope a disorder after these conditions
- Diathesis:
- predisposition
- Stress:
- difficult experience
-
Integrating Models:
Biopsychosocial model - The belief that all physchological factors, biological processes, genetic factors, interpersonal relationship and social environment
- Common perspectives among therpists: Eclectic
-
people who indorse a cluster of multiple treatments (integrated approach)
Strengths: multiple factors, assessing multiple factors, and you can easily switch between them
Weakness: confusion after looking at the sympotoms alot, might not be great for looking at one things, maybe should be better for something more general - IDIOGRAPHIC:
- client centered, individual client
- NOMOTHETIC PERSPECTIVE:
- how people with depression as a whole behave
- Characteristics of Assessment tools:
-
1. must be standardized
2. must have established nomrs
3. must have high reliability
4. must have high validity - RELIABILITY:
- the consistency of a test or diagnosis resulting from a test
- RELIABILITY: INTER-RATER
- different people come to same conclusions of treatment
- RELIABILITY: TEST-RETEST
- same score the first time, then same score the next, and the next
- VALIDITY:
- accurately measure what an assessment tool is suppose to measure
- TYPES OF VALIDITY: FACE VALIDITY
- a test appears to measure what its supposed to measure
- TYPES OF VALIDITY: CONCURRENT VALIDITY
-
a test's results agree with other measures assessing similar characteristics or behavior
ie. compare anxiety scores to how they were actually feeling - TYPES OF VALIDITY: PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
- a test accurately predicts future characteristics or behavior
- TYPES OF VALIDITY: STANDARDIZATION
- common steps must be made whenever a test is administered
- TYPES OF VALIDITY: NORMS
- comparison group, chart for scoring after a test
- If a test is not standardized what could apply to the test making it not accurate?
- FACTORS
- Clinical Interviews: STRUCTURED
- Specific questions asked during a one on one with the clinician
- Clinical Interviews: UNSTRUCTURED
- simple questions made up by the clinician, hove you felt fatiqued? depressed?
- Clinical Interviews: ADVANTAGES
- both have the control over the interaction, no limitationsto the questioning, and receive more info in a short time
- Clinical Interviews: DISADVANTAGES
- there may be different motives to answering a question truthfully or falsily, interviewers may be biased or make mistakes in judgement,Unstructured interviews can have low RELIABILTY
-
Types of Clinical Tests:
PROJECTIVE TESTS - interpereting vague and imbiguous stimuli, complete the sentences
- PROJECTIVE TESTS: RORSCHACH
- standardized in a certain order, asked what they see
- PROJECTIVE TESTS: THEMATIC APPERCEPTION
- asked to make a story, whats happening now, and after
- Advantages to PROJECTIVE TESTS:
- helpful in providing "supplementary" info, and psychodynamic belief that they can see unconsciousness to a point
- Disadvantages to PROJECTIVE TESTS:
-
-low reliabiity/ validity
-time consuming to to score
- few established norms - PROJECTIVE TESTS: EXNER'S COMPERHENSIVE SYSTEM
- improvment to the scoring and interpreting of the RORSCHACH
- PERSONALITY TEST:
- measure broad personality characteristics,focus on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings
- PERSONALITY TEST: MMPI
- 567 T/F self -statements
- PERSONALITY TEST: MMPI: CRITERION KEYING:
- 2 groups, and chose questions that only differentiate the 2 normal/ abnormal groups
- PERSONALITY TEST: MMPI: VALIDITY SCALE: L
- Lying Scale, idealized images
- PERSONALITY TEST: MMPI: VALIDITY SCALE: F
- Frequency Scale, fakes symptoms answer randomly
- PERSONALITY TEST: MMPI: VALIDITY SCALE: K
- K Scale, minimalize symptoms and lower to what they "deserve" score if they lied or were confused and cannot use those answers
- PERSONALITY TEST: MMPI: CLINICAL SCALES:
-
scores range from 0 to 120
above 65= abnormal responses
graphed to create a "profile" - Advantages for PERSONALITY TESTS:
-
-easier, cheaper. faster to administer than projective tests
-objectively scored
-standardized
-good reliability and validity - disdvantages for PERSONALITY TESTS:
-
-not PERFECTLY valid
-cultural limitations, could be normal somewhere else but abnormal to our culture
- Response Inventories:
-
self report questionaires that focus on one specific area of functioning
types: Affective, Social Skils, Cognitive - Advantages of Response Inventories:
-
-short administration time
-objectively scored
-standardized and normed - disadvantages of Response Inventories:
-
-variable reliability and validity (depending on inventory
-few checks for carelessness or inaccuracy (downfalls of face inventories) - Intellegence Tests:
-
IQ= (mental age/ chronological age)* 100
Weschler Intellegence Scales, putting pictures together - Advantages to Intellegence Tests:
-
-highly reliable
-relatively high validity - disadvantages to Intellegence Tests:
-
-outside factors influencing performance, anxious, uncomfortable etc.
-cultural considerations, definitions may be different in other cultures - Psychophysiological Tests:
-
Measure physiological responses as indicators of psychological problems
ex. measurements of heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, temperature
Galvanic Skin Response- skin conductivity
Polygraph- lie detector - Advantages of Psychphysiological Tests:
- - less subjective
- disadvantages of Psychphysiological Tests:
-
-rely on expensive equipment
-low correlation among meaures(differing)
-no norms (individual differences to their responses)
-reaction to equipment, anxiety provoking - Neurological Tests:
- directly assessing the brain fxn by assessing brain structure and activity (cat scans, pet scans etc.)
- Neuropsychological Tests
- indirectly assessing brain function by asessing cognitive, perceptual, and motor functioning (bender visual motor gestalt test- drawing pictures from memory
- Advantages in Neurological and Neurophysiological Tests:
-
-less subjective
-may rule out neurological factors
-relationship between brain areas and psychological factors - disadvantages in Neurological and Neurophysiological Tests:
-
-rely on expensive equipment
-no norms individual differences) - Clinical Observations: Naturalistic OB:
-
watching some one in their own environment, school, work, home
-more towards children - Clinical Observations: Analogue OB:
- relatively similar environment, in a clinic or lab, voice recorders, 2 way mirrors, this can remove the clinician
- Clinical Observations: Slef- Monitoring OB:
-
removes whole clinician, client monitors their own feelings, behaviors, thoughts
daily activity log - Advantages of Clinical Observations:
- - may gain info that can't be captured by other assessments
- disdvantages of Clinical Observations:
-
-monitoring or observation may change behavior, leery to admit some behaviors
-overload- cant catch everything
-drift- getting tired maybe mind wonders - DIAGNOSIS:
-
using all available information from clinical interiews, tests and/or observations, a determination that a person's problems reflect a particular disorder or syndrome
-based on an existing classification system - DSM IV-TR
-
list of categories, disorders and symptom descriptions, with guidelines for assignment-focus on clusters of symptoms
-inclusion criteria
-specifiers
-exclusion criteria
-differiencial diagnoses - DSM AXIS I:
- clinical disorders, including major mental disorders and learning disorders
- DSM AXIS II:
- personality disorders and mental retardation, impairs fxn, very young age and sticks around
- DSM AXIS III:
- relevant general medical conditions panic and heart attacks similar
- DMS AXIS IV:
- psychological and environmental problems, poor and homeless adds to effect the factors
- DSM AXIS V:
-
global assessment of psychological, social, and occupational functioning (GAF)
- a number scale
100=ghandi
1= suicidal, very pervasive problems, unfxnal - DSM USES WHAT APPROACH TO DIAGNOSE?
-
Categorical- either you have it or you dont, beneficial fro research perposes and for choosing which treatment will be most beneficial
reliabilty has been better from previous editions - DSM Theorist BELEIVE WHAT APPROACH IS BETTER THAN CATEGORICAL (qualitative)? what are the flaws of categorical?
-
DIMENSIONAL (quantitative).
Categorical-belives disorders are qualitatively different fromnormal behavior, AND assumes no overlap between disorders - Case Study:
-
detailed description of a single person or a small group of people
Ex. Phineas Gage
Learned what his frontal lobes attributed to
Ad=gain of understanding on things you cannot test
DisA= can't manipulate any variables, can have hypothesis, and sample is small its hard to generalize - Correlation Method:
-
designed to determine how much events or characteristics vary with each other
used to assess relationship strength and direction - Statistical Signifacance:
- results has determined that relationship is real and not made up
- What effects Statistical Signifacance?
-
1). effect size-how bug correlation
2). sample size- bigger population - Epidemiological Studies:
- reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a population, colects lots of data see which phobias are related
- Longitudinal Studies:
- longer period of time, over years, beter idea of casuality # of adulesnts who develope anxiety, does it increase or decrease anxiety in later years?
- Experimental Method:
- design where an independent variable is manipulated and the effects of this manipulation are observed on a dependent variable
- Confounding variables:
-
varibles that might cahnge along with the independent variable, not good, it will muddy the results
ex. time - Random Assignment:
- placing cleints in random groups- can effect them also- maybe earlier group s more relaxed
- Blind Design:
- client doesnt know what they have, so they could receive a placebo pill, difficult to do
- Double Blind Design:
- experimental person doesnt know either, good because meds could be a placebo or not and there would be no bias
- Meta- Analysis:
- combines results fro all these studies
- Bogus Treatments seem to work, why?
-
- spontaneous remission or stop of symptoms usually occurs
-placebo effect
-some treatments might relieve symptoms whithout curing the disorder - Standards for Treatment Outcome research:
-
1. all therapists know what is part of the treatment. involved training
2. appropriate control groups
3. randomization
4. good outcome measures
5. BLIND raters- if you are looking for something you are going to find it - Efficacy Studies:
- determine how well a treatment works, results of systematic evaluation of an intervention in controlled clinical research context.
- Effectiveness Studies:
-
assess the applicability, feasablity, and generalizability of an intervention (with established efficacy) when delivered in local settings AFTER EFFICACY.
want to know what it does in the public, real world where most therapy occurs - Appose to efficacy:
- its not in pure form, its moreof a survey, no control group and its not in alb or controled research
- supported treatments:
- longer treatment, psychiatrists are most effective longer than 6 months
- Repression
- Person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious
- Denial
- Person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety
- Projection
- Person attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals
- Rationalization
- Person creates a socially acceptable reason for an actions that actually reflects unacceptable motives
- Reaction Formation
- Person adopts behavior that is the exact opposite of impulses he or she is afraid to acknowledge
- Displacement
- Person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute
- Intellectualiztion
- Person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem
- Regression
- Person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly
- Sublimation
- Person expresses sexual and aggressive energy in ways that are acceptable to society