SPC 1600 Test 1
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- Managing Anxiety Before You Speak
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1. Pessimistic attitude
2. Inadequate preparation and practice
3. Negative or insufficient experience
4. Unrealistic goals
5. Negative self-talk
6. Misdirected concerns about what a speaker should focus on in preparing to speak - Relational Component and Content
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Content - first part of a message, substance of what speaker wants to convey
Relational component - second part of a message, collective impact of the verbal and non-verbal components of that message as it is conveyed
Meaning is derived from both - Introductions
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1. Open with impact
2. Focus on thesis statement
3. Connect with your audience - show the value of your speech
4. Build your credibility
5. Preview your speech (thesis) - SMCRE Model
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Sender
Message
Channel
Receiver
Environment - Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Growth Needs: Self-actualization
Deficiency Needs: Self- and social-esteem, belongingness and love, safety needs, biological needs - Types of Supporting Material
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1. Examples
2. Facts
3. Statistics
4. Quotes/Expert opinion
5. Description
6. Explanation
7. Narrative - Boolean Logic
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And - narrows search
Or - broadens search
Not - excludes items from search - Categories of Informative Speeches
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1. Explain a process
2. Explain a concept
3. Instruct
4. Demonstrate how to do something
5. Describe - Signposts and Tips
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1. Touch-connect-preview
2. Enumerate key points
3. Give nonverbal reinforcements
4. Use visual aids
5. Use words that cue - Zone of Interaction
- Area of audience in which speaker and audience members can make eye contact
- Interviewing
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Before - contact the person, research, prepare specific questions
During - show up on time, be proactive, engage in active listening
After - follow up, transcribe the tape - Plagiarism
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Global plagiarism - completely stolen
Patchwork plagiarism - some stolen (including ideas)
Incremental plagiarism - forget to cite a source - Public speaking vs. Everyday conversation
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Encoding - The process by which ideas are translated into a code that can be understood by the receiver
Decoding - The process by which a code is translated back into ideas
1. Must tailor your message
2. Adapt to listener feedback
3. Organize thoughts logically
4. Full of storytelling and examples - Communication apprehension vs. Speech anxiety
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Communication apprehension - Fear about communicating interpersonally and in groups, not just in public
Speech anxiety - The unpleasant thoughts and feelings aroused by the anticipation of a real or imagined speech in public - Organizational patterns
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Time pattern - based on chronology or a sequence of events
Extended narrative - the entire body of the speech is telling a story
Spatial pattern - based on physical space or geography
Categorical pattern - based on natural divisions in the subject matter - Goals of Delivery
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1. Be conversational
2. Speak with enthusiasm (voice inflection)
3. Speak with confidence
4. Form a relationship with the audience (eye contact) - How to evaluate a credible source
- Recency, Sponsorship, Authorship
- Ending with Impact
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1. Give a quotation
2. Tell a brief anecdote
3. Make a concrete call to action
4. Return to your opening theme - Jargon
- Slang; language specific to a group of people
- Quote vs. Paraphrase
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Quote - when it's 40 words or less, when they say it better than you
Paraphrase - when it's too difficult to repeat (like a law) - Hofstede's Five Dimensions
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1. Power distance
2. Collectivism vs. individualism
3. Femininity vs. masculinity
4. Uncertainty avoidance
5. Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation - Short-term vs. Long-term goals
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Short-term - those ends we can reasonably expect to achieve in the near term, usually by the end of the speech (audience realization of something)
Long-term - Those ends that we can hope to achieve only over an extended period of time, cannot be achieved by the end of the speech - Levels of Diversity
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Individual - beliefs, values, motives, attitudes, knowledge, expectations
Demographic - age, gender, ethnicity, geographic origin, socioeconomic status, occupation, religion, language
Cultural - power distance, collectivism vs. individualism, femininity vs. masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long term vs. short term orientation - Primitive, Central, and Peripheral Beliefs
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Primitive - A. Learned by direct contact with the object of belief and reinforced by unanimous social consensus....B. Zero consensus, based on direct experience, but don't require social support
Central - C. Authority beliefs...D. Derived beliefs
Peripheral - E. Least central type - Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values
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Attitudes - a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object
Beliefs - an assertion about the properties or characteristics of an object
Values - our most enduring beliefs about right and wrong - Different Types of Constraints
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1. Legal
2. Ethical
3. Nature of the occasion
4. Traditions
5. Time
6. Resources