lab 2
Terms
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- The empirical approach to knowledge is based on
- observations
- The purposes of experiments is to
- explore cause-effect relationships
- background characteristics such as socioeconomic status
- demographics
- causal comparative study
-
1.describe/observe some current condition
2.look to the past to identify possible causes of condition - Survey
- describe the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of a population
- Census
- interviewing entire population
- Field Research
- thorough, intensive case study of a group as a participant or non-participant researcher
- longitudinal research
- repeatedly measuring traits of participants over a long period of time to trace developmental trends
- correlational research
- degree of relationship among two or more quantitative variables
- historical research
-
1. examine data to understand the past
2. attempt to understand the dynamics of human history
3. develop theories that may explain historical events and patterns - exhaustive variable
- variable with a category for each respondent
- Independent variable
- presumed cause
- Dependent variable
- response or outcome
- Conceptual definition
- general topic
- Operational definition
- redefining a variable in terms of physical steps
- debriefing
- reviewing the purpose of the study and procedure, offering to share results with participants
- theory
- unified explanation for observations that may otherwise be considered unrelated
- functions of research
-
1. test hypotheses derived from a theory
2. provide observations and conclusions that we can use to formulate a theory - inferential statistics
- help draw inferences about the effects of sampling errors and make generalizations about the characteristics of populations
- significance tests
-
help us decide if descriptive stats from studies are reliable
*LOOK FOR LESS THAN 0.5 - Samples yeild
- statistics
- populations yeild
- parameters
- Nominal
- naming level
- frequencies are also referred to as
- "numbers of cases"
- ordinal
- ranking level
- interval
- equal interval with no absolute zero
- Ratio
- level with equal intervals and an absolute zero
- proportions
- alternatives to percentages
- Standard deviation:
- calculating the number of points you must move outward from the mean (bell curve) to encompass 68% of cases