Secion 5-1to 5-3, 6-1 to 6-3
Terms
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copy deck
- haploid
- having only one set of chromosomes
- zygote
- fertilized egg cell
- homologous chromosomes or homologues
- two copies of each chromosome
- inversion
- fragment reattaches to the original chromosome in the reverse orientation, producing a mutation
- karyotype
- array of the chromosomes found in an individual's cells arranged in order of size and shape
- mutations
- change in the DNA of a gene or chromosome
- nondisjunction
- accident in chromosome separation
- sex chromosome
- chromosomes that differ between males and females
- translocation
- fragment may join a nonhomologous chromosome
- trisomy
- condition in which a diploid cell has an extra chromosome
- cytokinesis
- the C phase is when the cytoplasm divides
- anaphase
- stage of cell division in which chromosome copies separate
- binary fission
- form of asexual reproduction that produces identical offspring
- genetic recombination
- rearrangement of genetic material
- spores
- an asexual, resting, reproductive, haploid cell
- cell cycle
- a repeating sequence of growth and division through which many kinds of eukaryotic cells pass
- interphase
- a eukaryotic cell spends most of it's life in the G1, S, and G2 phase
- crossing-over
- arms of chromosomes exchange reciprocal segments of DNA
- kinetochore
- a second group of microtubules extends out from a region of the centromere of each chromosome
- metaphase
- stage of mitosis and meiosis when chromosomes move to and line up at center of a cell
- mitosis
- process by which the nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei, each with the same number and kinds of chromosomes
- telophase
- stage of mitosis in which a new nuclear envelope forms and spindle fibers disappear
- spindle fiber
- network of hallow protein cables that form between separated centrioles and move chromosomes apart
- meiosis
- mechanism that halves the number of chromosomes in cells is a form of cell division
- prophase
- stage of mitosis in which chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers become visible
- sexual reproduction
- reproduction in which gametes from opposite sexes or mating types unite to form a zygote
- reduction division
- in meiosis, term used to indicate the reduction of the number of chromosome(by half) when the cytoplasm divides
- crop
- type of plant that is culivated for use by humans
- Calvin cycle
- most common carbon-fixing pathway
- oxidative respiration
- series of reactions
- producers
- food molecules by capturing energy and carbon atoms from their environment
- chromatids
- two copies of each chromosomes
- consumers
- organisms that must obtain energy to build its molecules by consuming other organisms; hetrotrophs
- pigment
- a molecule containing atoms that enable it to absorb light
- NADPH
- reduced form of NADP+ (nictinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- food chains
- series of organisms through which energy flows from a producer to one or more consumers
- ATP synthesis
- protein channel in a membrane through which protons are pumped to produce ATP
- NADP+
- coenzyme that carries hydrogen atoms and energy from one place to another in a cell
- carbon fixation
- enzymes incorporate carbon atoms from carbon dioxide into organic molecules
- carotenoids
- yellow and orange plant pigments that produce fall colors
- chlorophyll
- green pigment, is the primary light-absorbing agent for photosynthesis
- electromagnetic spectrum
- complete range of radiant energy
- fermentation
- electrons from glycolysis are added to organic molecules
- Down syndrome
- traits produced by having an extra copy of chromosome 21
- autosomes
- a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex
- electron transport chain
- each electron is passed through a series of membrane-bound protein and pigment molecules
- granum
- stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast
- photons
- all forms of radiant energy actually consist of tiny packets of energy
- photosystem
- pigments used in photosynthesis are arranged in molecule clusters
- photosystem I
- clusters boost electrons to a higher energy state by absorbing light with a wavelength of 700nm
- photosystem II
- clusters boost electrons by absorbing more energetic light with the slightly shorter wavelength of 680nm
- radiant energy
- energy that is transmitted in waves that can travel through a vacuum
- reaction center
- area of a photosystem where an electron is boosted and leaves a chlorophyll a molecule
- reducing power
- ready supply of attachable hydrogen atoms that can be used for reduction
- stroma
- fluid matrix of a chloroplast
- thylakoids
- the interior of a chloroplast is filled with many flattened membrane-bound sacs
- Krebs cycle
- repeating series of reactions that produces ATP, electron carriers, and carbon dioxide
- acetyl-CoA
- this group is attached to a coenzyme (coenzyme A) forming a compound
- aerobic
- require oxygen
- anaerobic
- do not require oxygen
- pyruvate
- salt of pyruvic acid that is produced by the breakdown of glucose during glycosis
- centromere
- two chromatids are attached by a protein disk at a point
- glycolysis
- (first stage of cellular respiration) glucose split into smaller molecules in a biochemical pathway
- diploid
- term used to indicate cell containing two homologues of each chromosome
- amniocentesis
- procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for genetic abnormalities in a fetus
- chorionic villi sampling
- fetal-testing procedure in which pieces of the chorionic villi in a mother's uterus are removed and examined for genetic abnormalities
- chromosomes
- rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division
- deletion
- a fragment of chromosomes break off, and it can be lost when the cell divides causing a mutation
- duplication
- chromosome fragment attaches to its homologous chromosome, which will carry two copies of a certain set of genes
- gametes
- haploid cell that participates in fertilization by fusing with another haploid cell
- gene
- segment of DNA that transmits information from parent to offspring