chapter 6
Terms
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- 4 types of bones
- Long, Short, irregular, flat
- medullary cavity
- marrow cavity--hollow space in diaphysis that has yellow marrow in adults
- Length
- Chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate divide and increase cartilage layer
- Repair of fracture
- Phagocytes remove any dead tissue in...
- Bone Remodeling is triggered by
- exercise, sedentary life, changes in diet, fracture
- Coccyx
- 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
- Compact Bone
- protection, support, and resist stress that is caused by weight and movement
- Sternum
- formed by 3 bones Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
- Periosteum
- Connective tissue that covers bone except where articular cartilage is found
- Osteogenic cells
- cells found in periosteum and endosteum
- Lacunae
- "lakes" contain osteocytes
- long bones
- longer than wide
- illium
- largest and most superior in the pelvic girdle
- Central canal
- hole that allows blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves to go through
- Patella
- Kneecap in front of knee joint
- Vitamins A C D
- affect growth
- Lumbar
- largest and strongest Processes are short and thick
- 7 cervical
- vertebrae
- Adolescents doing Wt. bearing activity before closure...
- help build total bone mass
- Tibia
- Large medial, weight bearing bone of the leg
- Ossification
- process which bone forms
- Bone resorption
- removal of minerals and collagen fibers by osteoclasts
- Weight bearing activity important because
- helps build and retain bone mass
- Stress on Bone
- Skeletal muscle pulling on bone and gravity causes
- Thoracic
- have facets for articulating with ribs
- Cervical (C1-C7)
- Spinous process often bind and have transverse foramina on transverse process
- encloses spinal cord
- vertebrae
- Calcium and Phosphorus
- will strengthen and Harden Bone (2 THINGS)
- Sex steroids
- release a higher amount & adolescent gets a growth spurt and cause closure
- Osteoblasts
- convert fibrocartilage into spongy bone
- transverse process
- process extending laterally on each side
- Articular Cartilage
- thin layer of hyaline cartilage and covers ends of bones come together to form joint
- Calcitonin
- decreased osteoclast activity (will decrease Blood Ca levels)
- Calcaneus
- heel bone
- Parathyroid Hormone
- increased Osteoclast activity + decreased loss in urine
- Spongy Bone
- No osteons, Units containing trabeculae, make up most short, flat, irregular shaped bones and epiphyses of long bone--lighter than compact bone
- Complete
- bone in two or more pieces
- Adequate minerals (Ca Mg P)
- affect growth
- Phalanges
- (toe bones)
- 2 processes involved with bone formation
- Bone resorption & Bone deposition
- Bone Deposition
- adding minerals and Collagen fibers by osteoblasts is called
- Open (compound)
- Broken ends break skin
- Fibula
- Lateral to tibia and smaller
- Metaphysis
- in mature bone = where diaphysis and epipyhsis meet
- Canaliculae
- little canals that connect lacunae with each other and connect to central canal
- balance between
- osteoblasts and osteoclasts need
- irregular Bones
- complex shapes
- Large Talus
- ankle bone
- true ribs
- 1-7 articulate with sternum directly via costal cartilage
- Blood levels of Ca+2
- controlled by negative feedback loops
- Thumb only has
- proximal and distal
- Metatarsals
- numbered from medial to lateral
- Appendicular
- Bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the girdles that connect them --eg Clavicle and Scapula
- 5 lumbar
- vertebrae
- Epiphysis
- ends of bones
- As levels of sex steroids decline with age
- decrease in bone mass
- supports head
- vertebrae
- Osteoclasts
- reabsorb all dead bone
- the hand is numbered
- 1-5 starting with thumb
- 12 thoracic
- vertebrae
- each finger has
- proximal , medial, distal
- sutures
- immoveable joint between skull bones--coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal, squamous
- osteoclasts
- digest bone matrix for normal bone turnover= resorption
- Trabeculae
- irregular lattice work of thin columns of bone--often contain Red marrow
- Thoracic and Sacral curves are
- Concave (Kyphosis)
- 30 years in women
- loss of bone mass begins
- relative to front: cervical and lumbar curves are
- convex (lordosis)
- Axial
- Around body axis eg. skull hyoid ear bones ribs sternum and vertebrae
- Closed (simple)--
- not through skin
- diaphysis
- Main part of bone, bone shaft of body
- Thyroid Hormone + insulin
- required to stimulate bone growth
- articular cartilage
- decrease friction and absorb shock
- Birth through adolescence
- more bone formed than lost
- Bone forms in 4 situations
- in embryo and fetus, Growth of bone during infancy, childhood & adolescence, Remodeling- replace old bone with new, repairs fractures
- spongy Bone
- converted into compact bone
- Aging of Bone mass
- pain stiffness, loss of height, lose teeth, bone deformity
- Phalanges
- 14 bones of the fingers
- Endosteum
- thin membrane that lines medullary cavity--has single layer of bone forming cells
- Facial Bones
- 2 nasal 2 maxalliae, 2 zygomatic, mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palentine, 2 inferior nasal conche and the vomer
- Young Adults
- gain and loss is about equal in
- Pubis
- lower anterior part
- 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx
- vertebrae
- ribs
- 12 pairs
- after 45 years in women
- loss of bone mass accelerates greatly
- Osteocytes
- mature bone cells and maintain bone --no cell division
- Pelvic Girdle
- joined in front at pubic symphysis--at back attached to sacrum= sacroillac joint
- Hormones
- Before puberty: hGH+ insulin-like growth factors simulate bone growth
- Metacarpals
- 5 bones of hand
- Chondroblasts
- fibrocartilage at site of fracture
- Partial fracture
- incomplete break (crack)
- The femur articulates
- with the hip proximally and the tibia distally
- Short Bones
- almost cube shaped
- Weight bearing activity
- more stress on bones
- Spinous process
- process extending dorsally
- Fontanels
- soft spot in fetal skull-- allow deformation at birth--calcify to form sutures
- Concentric lamellae
- layers of matrix
- point of attachment for muscles of back, ribs, and pelvic girdle
- vertebrae
- Thoracic Cage
- Sternum, costal cartilages, and ribs and bodies
- Cranial Bone
- frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
- Ischium
- lower posterior part of pelvic girdle
- Tarsus
- (ankle) has 7 bones
- C1
- the atlas--articulates with head--lacks body and spinous process
- Woman can lose
- 8% of bone mass every 10 years
- Carpal (wrist)
- 8 bones
- false ribs
- 8-12 do not articulate with the sternum
- Periosteum function
- protect bone, helps to heal fractures, helps nourish bone, serves attachment for ligaments/tendons
- Osteoblasts
- secrete collagen fibers--bone builders
- Flat Bones
- thin extensive surface
- C2
- Axis-- has body and spinous process--also dens that creates a pivot for head rotation