Biology Midterm 2
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- Packet of light energy
- Photon
- Amount of energy in universe remains constant (energy is neither created nor destroyed)
- Law of Conservation of Energy
- Joins nucleotide sub-units to form new strands of DNA, proof reading and dna repair
- DNA Polymerase (only goes in one direction)
- The capacity to do work
- Energy
- Contain majority of chloroplast organelles; where photosynthesis takes place
- Mesophyll Cells
- Semi-fluid medium in chloroplasts
- Stroma
- Chemical responsible for leaves turning color in the fall
- Carotenoids (too cold for chloroplasts to work)
- Molecules that speed up chemical reactions
- Catalysts
- Where acetyl CoA is formed
- Mitochondrial matrix
- Light dependent reaction makes ____ and _____, which are necessary in dark reactions (light independent)
- ATP, NADPH
- Chemical reaction equation for photosynthesis
- 6CO2 + 6H20 + Light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Most common energy-carrier molcules; synthesized from ADP
- ATP
- Location on enzymes where substrates can bind
- Active site
- Chemical reaction that releases energy
- Exergonic (celular respiration)
- A CO2 Capturing sugar
- RuBP
- Light dependent reactions occur in the the _______
- Thylakoids
- This MUST happen in glucose metabolism, no matter what
- Glycolysis
- Formation of Acetyl CoA: Pyruvate + NAD =
- NADH + Acetyl CoA
- The different number of hydrogen bonds between A and T and C and G is what gives you the ____ _____ structure of DNA
- double helix
- Step Four in cellular respiration (captures energy stored in hydrogen ion gradient and produces ATP)
- Chemiosmosis
- Glucose --> Pyruvate (x2) --> Lactate (x2)
- Lactate fermentation
- Two major components of Glycolysis
- Glucose Activation (initiates the reaction- takes energy), Energy harvesting (completes the reaction- makes energy)
- Rechargeable Battery, Unstable= short-term storage, function within a single cell
- Energy-Carrier Molecules
- Energy from ATP and NADPH are necessary to drive this reaction
- light independent
- Molecule that absorbs light in the visible range
- pigment
- Chemical reaction equation for light independent reactions
- CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + O2
- Turns enzyme on/off when needed
- Allosteric Regulatory site
- Adjustable openings that regulate CO2 uptake and O2 release (lips)
- Stomata
- Light ________ reactions occurs first
- dependent
- Hot, dry conditions
- closed stomata
- Stored Energy (chemical bonds, electrical, positional)
- Potential Energy
- The ultimate source of energy
- sun
- Enzyme activity is regulated by product concentration
- Feedback inhibition
- Chemical equation for endergonic reactions
- (energy taken in) Carbon dioxide + water --> glucose + oxygen
- Light is captured by pigments in chloroplast, then light energy is transferred to energy-carrier molecules (ATP, NADPH)
- Light dependent reaction
- The energy source that directly powers cellular work
- ATP
- Set of reactions which capture carbon dioxide
- Calvin Benson Cycle (C3 Cycle)
- G + C always has __ hydrogen bonds
- 3
- Chemical equation for exergonic reactions
- Glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water (energy released)
- Fermentation takes place in ____
- cytoplasm
- Chemical reaction that requires energy to proceed
- Endergonic (photosynthesis)
- Supply water/ minerals; carry away sugars from leaves (veins)
- Vascular Bundles
- Complete breakdown of glucose-- almost all free energy is release as _____
- heat
- Cellular respiration occurs in _______
- mitochondria
- Step one in cellular respiration (pyruvate diffuses into mitochondrial matrix)
- Formation of Acetyl CoA (Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA)
- Glucose --> Pyruvate (x2) --> Ethanol (x2) + CO2 (x2)
- Ethanol fermentation
- Glucose --> Pyruvate + O2 --> CO2 + H20 + ATP
- Cellular respiration
- Light independent chemical equation
- CO2 + H2O =(uses ATP and NADPH) C6H12O6
- Amount of energy in universe remains constant; energy can be converted (Chemical --> Heat)
- First law of thermodynamics
- Parental strands of DNA unwind and separate, Daughter strands are formed using parental strands as templates, parental strand and nesw daughter strand wrap together to form new double helix
- Semiconservative replication
- Requires: Carbon dioxide (from air), RuBP (a CO2 capturing sugar), multiple enzymes (to catalyze reactions), and energy (ATP and NADPH)
- Calvin Benson Cycle (C3 Cycle)
- Glucose goes in, pyruvate comes out
- Glycolysis
- The converstion of light energy to chemical energy
- Light dependent reactions
- Energy carrier only found in plants
- NADPH
- If damage on skin from UV Rays is great enough, cell will
- commit suicide
- Chlorophyll absorbs what color lights?
- red, orange
- Completes glycolysis reaction--- G3P (X2) --> Pyruvate (X2)
- Energy Harvesting
- Light independent reactions occur in the ______
- stroma
- Guanine =
- Cytosine
- __ ATP made, __ used = __ ATP Total-- Glycolysis
- 4, 2, 2
- Stole pictures from Franklin and won the nobel prize
- Watson and Crick
- Glucose metabolism chemical equation (opposite of photosynthesis)
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
- Cool, wet conditions =
- open stomata
- Broken down for energy, stored as starch, converted to cellulose, other chemical modifications
- fate of glucose
- Discovered double helix of DNA
- Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens
- Mistakes in DNA
- mutations
- Two Purines
- Adenine, guanine
- ______ light is the only ones used in photosynthesis
- visible
- Process that forms and breaks chemical bonds holding molecules together
- chemical reaction
- A molecule upon which an enzyme acts; binds with the enzyme's active site
- Substrate
- DNA is made up of:
- Deoxyribose (the sugar), Phosphate, nitrogen rich base (nucleotide; rungs of dna)
- A natural hormone that boosts red blood cell production
- Erthropoietin
- Single-ring bases in DNA
- Pyrimidines
- Carotenoids absorb what color lights?
- blue, green
- Breaks hydrogen bonds holding nitrogen bases together (unzips)
- DNA Helicase
- Molecules compete for the active site of the enzyme (usually not natural)
- Competative Inhibition
- Two Pyrimidines
- Thymine, cytosine
- Molecule that carries the blueprint of life
- DNA
- Two types of fermentation
- Ethanol (wine, beer), Lactate (human)
- An exergonic reaction supplies the energy needed to drive an endergonic reaction
- Coupled reaction
- Functional segment of DNA located at a particular place on a chromosome
- Gene
- Location of chlorophyll
- Thylakoids (grana)
- Electron transport system uses electron energy to synthesize ATP
- Chemiosmosis
- Initiates glycolysis reaction--- Glucose --> G3P (X2)
- Glucose Activation
- DNA Polymerase mismatches __ bp/ _____ bps
- 1, 10,000
- Location of light dependent reactions
- Thylakoids (grana)
- Attaches pieces made by by Polymerase on lagging strand only
- DNA Ligase
- The capture of sunlight energy and the subsequent storage of that energy in chemcial bonds (glucose)
- Photosynthesis
- Small molecules bind to enzyme, changing shape of active site
- Allosteric Regulation
- Double-ring bases in DNA
- Purines
- Located in inner mitochondrial membrane (along with ETC)
- Chemiosmosis
- A skin cancer predisposition disease (genetic defects in the enzyme the repairs sunlight damage)
- xeroderma pigmentosum
- The breakdown of gllucose to release energy from its chemical bonds
- Glucose metabolism
- Consumers (have to eat)
- heterotrophs
- Enzymes are synthesized in ____ form and activated only when needed
- inactive
- When energy is converted, the amount of useful energy decreases (No process is 100% efficient)
- Second law of thermodynamics
- T + A always has __ hydrogen bonds
- 2
- Chemical reaction equation for light dependent reactions
- Sun --> ATP + NADPH
- Molecules (proteins) that catalize chemical reactions
- Enzymes
- Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are almost exact ______
- Opposites
- Green color of plants is caused by ______ __ _____
- pigment of chlorophyll
- Glycolysis takes place in ____
- cytoplasm
- Self-feeding
- autotrophs
- Since proof-reading enzymes correct mistakes made by polymerase, overall mistake rate = __ bp/ ______ bps
- 1, 1,000,000,000
- Series of reactions producing ATP
- Cellular Respiration
- How is Cellular Energy carried between reactions?
- Energy-Carrier Molecules
- Contain two membranes, filled with stroma, contain stacks of thylakoids
- chloroplast
- Step three in cellular respiration (place where electron-carrier molecules unload their electrons
- Electron Transport System
- Step two in cellular respiration (Acetyl CoA --> NADH, ATP, FADH, CO2)
- Krebs Cycle
- Energy required to "jumpstart" a chemical reaction
- Activation energy
- Energy of movement (light, heat, electricity)
- Kinetic Energy
- Occurs in muscles under strenuous exercise
- Lactate fermentation
- The electron transport system is located in the ______
- Inner mitochondrial membrane
- Occurs only if oxygen is NOT present in cells
- Fermentation
- Factors affecting hydrogen bonding in enzymes
- pH (optimal 6-8), salt concentration, temperature
- Transformation of solar energy into chemical energy
- Photosynthesis
- Makes 32-38 ATP in Electron Transport Chain
- ATP Synthase
- Waxy covering on a leaf that prevents water loss
- Cuticle
- Thymine =
- adenine
- DNA Backbone
- Deoxyribose, phosphate
- biproduct of krebs cycle
- nadh, atp, fadh, co2