Biology final

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

Stole pictures from Franklin and won the nobel prize: Watson and Crick
Water molecules tend to stick together: cohesion
2 daughter cells have been formed: telophase
DNA containing genes from different organisms/species: Recombinant DNA
Most structurally complex molecule known (most complicated of the macro-molecules): Proteins
Carries amino acids to ribosomes: Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Function: store genetic materical, transfer genetic material: Nucleic acids
Different flowers provide pollen and eggs (done by hand): Cross-fertilization
Intracellular messengers, energy transfer molecules, assist enzyme action: functions of __________: nucleotides
At the end of meiosis, there are __ cells: 4
Actual combination of alleles carried by an individual (PP, Pp, pp): Genotype
Steps of interphase: G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase
If damage on skin from UV Rays is great enough, cell will: commit suicide
Necessary for reproduction: Steroids
Germ cells undergo ____: meiosis
Chromosomes contain:: Linear DNA strand, Histones
Tendency for water to stick to walls of surfaces: adhesion
All material and structures that lie inside of the plasma membrane, except for the nucleus (cytosol, salts and organic materials, organelles): Cytoplasm
Normal dominant/recessive relationships exist for alleles on X chromosomes in _____: females
Fusion of 2 gametes to form a zygote: Fertilization
In animals, meiosis always results in the formation of _______: gametes
A fat replacement that cannot be digested by humans: olestra
Ribosomes attached to this are the ones who are doing their job: making protein: Endoplasmic Reticulum
All proteins have this element as a component: nitrogen
Molecule that carries the blueprint of life: DNA
Accumulation of mutations change organisms to the point where they diverge: molecular view
When bad guys leave traces at crime scenes, this is what forensic scientists amplify the traces with to make them usable: PCR (polymerase chain reaction makes copies of dna)
Functional segment of DNA located at a particular place on a chromosome: Gene
Homologous chromosomes pair up and separate from one another (2n --> 1n): Meiosis I
All macromolecules have this element as a component (9.5% of human body): hydrogen
DNA Backbone: Deoxyribose, phosphate
Packaging proteins (helps chromosomes condense): Histones
Same flower provides pollen and eggs: self-fertilization
Number of protons and neutrons in nucleus: Atomic mass
Very first dna case: 1988: colin pitchfork (pedophile that killed 2 young girls in england)
This part of the ER is rough because these are attached to it: ribosomes
Synthesizes cellulose and pectin (plants): Golgi apparatus
A membrane bound nucleus, DNA that is contained within the nucleus, Membrane bound organelles: Eukaryotic cells
Produces a lot of ATP: Mitochondria
Human DNA contains _______ nucleotides: 8 billion
Function: Energy source, structural material: Carbohydrates
Somatic cells undergo _____: mitosis
Attaches pieces made by by Polymerase on lagging strand only: DNA Ligase
Guanine=: Cytosine
Function of DNA: Information transmission
Outward expression of a trait (appearance, behavior): phenotype
Only eukaryotic cells have this organelle: mitochondria
Amino acids are the monomer of_____: proteins
Cell looks like it has a belt, maximum condensation, start to see chromatids (x): Metaphase
When you see the heterozygotes (white + red = pink, not red): incomplete dominance
Have no nucleus, no membrane bound organells (except ribosomes): Prokaryotic cells
Single sub-unit: monomer
The division of a parent cell into two daughter cells: Cellular reproduction
Made of amine group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), A hydrogen, a variable group (R): Proteins
Used by most organisms to produce amino acids: DNA
Tendency for a water surface to resist breaking: surface tension
Adenine=: Thymine
Who is the father of modern genetics: Johann Gregor Mendel
Alleles arise from _____: mutation
Thin barrier separating inside of cell (cytoplasm) from the outside environment: Plasma membrane
tRNA has 3 exposed bases that form base pairs with the mRNA codon: anticodon
Our body cannot make it, we must eat it: essential amino acids
Replication of cells in germ cells: meiosis
2 types of nucleic acids: DNA, RNA
Molecules (proteins) that catalize chemical reactions: Enzymes
Fluid containing dissolved substances: solution
Process that forms and breaks chemical bonds holding molecules together: chemical reaction
What are the phases of mitosis?: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Amino end of polypeptide always has the _____ atom: nitrogen
Stores, sorts and transports proteins and other molecules within the cell: Golgi apparatus
Transcription takes place in the _____: nucleus
Central Dogma of Biology: DNA (transcription in nucleus) --> RNA (Translation in cytoplasm) --> Protein
Homologous chromosomes that have different alleles for a gene: Heterozygous ("different pair")
Molecules that speed up chemical reactions: Catalysts
Alternate forms of a given gene (e.g. eye color): Allele
Importance of water: water moderates temperature changes: heats slowly, effective coolant, freezes slowly, forms ice
RNA structure differs from DNA structure in 3 aspects:: Single-stranded, ribose sugar backbone (dna=deoxyribose), uracil instead of thymine (A --> U)
Discovered double helix of DNA: Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens
Species who have diverged and no longer interbreed: Speciation
Carrier =: heterozygous individual (not affected)
Oils and fats, waxes: Lipids
Joins nucleotide sub-units to form new strands of DNA, proof reading and dna repair: DNA Polymerase (only goes in one direction)
The energy source that directly powers cellular work: ATP
Specific location of a gene on a chromosome: Locus
Sister chromatids separate (mitosis revisited): Meiosis II
Replication of cells in living things except germ cells: mitosis
How does information travel from DNA to Ribosomes?: RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
All macromolecules have this element as a component (65% of human body): oxygen
Start codon: AUG (Methionine)
Meiosis is similar to mitosis except the cell goes through __ nulcear divisions: 2
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration: diffusion
Diagrams which show the genetic relationship among blood-related individuals (can reveal whether trait is dominant, recessive, or sex-linked): Pedigrees
Place where proteins are created: rough endoplasmic reticulum
Find gene(s) of interest in DNA Libbrary ("clone" gene); Look for DNA Probe: short sequence of DNA that can form base pairs with DNA of interest: Genetic Engineering Step 2
Structural material: Chitin (exoskeleton- insects/crabs/spiders, fungus cell walls): Carbohydrates
Specialized plasmids (bacteria) and viruses: vector
% of living organsisms that is water: 60-90
Plants resistant to disease (potatoes), plants that grow faster (poplar trees), animals that grow bigger (salmon): Applications of genetic engineering
Kazutoshi Kobayashi wants to clone this: wooly mammoth
mRNA binds to ribosomes (protein factories) in cytoplasm: Translation Step 2
commercial use of alteration of biological materials to achieve specific, applied goals: biotechnology
Functions: catalyze chemical reactions, structure, energy storage, transport, movement, hormones, poisons: Proteins
Double-stranded double helix held together by ______ bonds: hydrogen
Translation continues until ____ _____ is reached: stop codon
Directs transportation of proteins and other molecules to the outside of the cell: Golgi apparatus
Enzyme activity is regulated by product concentration: Feedback inhibition
Made by exploiting natural means of recombining DNA: Recombinant DNA
Unreplicated chromosomes =: 1 chromosome, 0 chromatids, 1 dna molecule
Thymine=: Adenine
Human body is ___% water: 65
Composed of 1 Glycerol (a sugar alcohol) and 3 fatty acids (triglycerides): Lipids
Molecules compete for the active site of the enzyme (usually not natural): Competative Inhibition
Organisms which express genes that have been modified/ transplanted from other species: transgenic
Some cells never leave stage G1; they go to ____ phase: G0
Attachment site on chromosome for spindle fibers (at centromere)- late prophase, metaphase: Kinetochores
DNA --> RNA: Transcription
Made by the golgi apparatus; Transport food from cell membrane to other parts of the cell: vacuoles
A substance made up of different types of atoms: compound
Enzymes are synthesized in ____ form and activated only when needed: inactive
Interaction of 2 or more genes contribute to a single phenotype: Polygenic Inheritance
Division of cytoplasm: cytokinesis
XO (female) =: Turner syndrome (infertile, often male-like)
A particle composed of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds: Molecules
This creates trait variation in populations: Mutations
Translation takes place in the ______: cytoplasm
Daughter cells are always separate in _____ cells: animal
Nucleotides joined via dehydration reaction: Polymerization of nucleic acids
Non-coding region of gene (RNA Polymerase binds to this): Promoter
Proteins always have this element: Nitrogen (only one!)
Combines with protein to form ribosomes: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Stored Energy (chemical bonds, electrical, positional): Potential Energy
Cytosine=: Guanine
Amino Acid codes (Meth, Lys) are based on _____, not ______: mRNA, tRNA Anticodon
These form a ring around cell equator and contract to pinch cytoplasm into two parts: Microfiliments
Factors affecting hydrogen bonding in enzymes: pH (optimal 6-8), salt concentration, temperature
Area where DNA is in Prokaryotic cells, although it mostly floats around: Nucleoid
Neutral pH: 7
Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail: Phospholipids
Protein factories for cells: Ribosomes
RNA Polymerase binds to promoter region: Transcription Step 1 (Initiation)
Energy of movement (light, heat, electricity): Kinetic Energy
The capacity to do work: Energy
Transcription produces a single strand of ____ that is complementary to one strand of ____: RNA, DNA
Made by the golgi apparatus; digest waste particles and malfunctioning organelles; highly acidic environments: Lysosomes
One or more nucleotide pairs are deleted from a gene: Deletion Mutation
Function: structural material, catalize cell processes: Proteins
Cylindrical structures, found in animal cells, that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern. They help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division. (found in all phases): Centrioles
Molecules electrically attracted to water: hydrophilic
Single-ring bases in DNA: Pyrimidines
Sex chromosomes are not the same size; X = ___x bigger than Y: 10
Movement of water from an area of high concentration of WATER to area of low concentration of WATER across semi-permiable membrane: Osmosis
How Alba: the green glowing bunny was genetically altered: Green Fluorescent protein (GFP gene was extracted from a jellyfish)
Daughter cells are always connected in _____ cells: plant
Entire set of chromosomes from a single cell: karyotype (tend to be unique to a specie)
Scientists want to bring this animal back that went extinct in 1936: Tasmanian wolf
Work with GFP: Tracking cancer, finding malaria
Mice where a gene is disrupted, so it will no longer produce the protein; enables researchers to determine the importance of the protein to the life of the organism: knockout mice
Genes encodes the amino acid sequence of a _______: protein
Fully express alleles on X chromosomes in _____: males (genes expressed on the sex chromosomes, for males, will be expressed fully and will be passed down to all sons)
Carboxyl end of polypeptide always has the ______ atom: carbon
One parent is always ______ ______ in test crossing: homozygous recessive
A skin cancer predisposition disease (genetic defects in the enzyme the repairs sunlight damage): xeroderma pigmentosum
4 bases combine in _____ codes: triplet
groups of similar cells with a similar function: tissues
Cell cycle: Interphase, mitosis
Nondisjunction with autosomal chromosomes don't usually survive to birth, unless it's chromosome __ (down syndrome): 21
DNA is made up of:: Deoxyribose (the sugar), Phosphate, nitrogen rich base (nucleotide; rungs of dna)
Homologous chromosomes that have the same allele for a gene: homozygous ("same pair")
Amino acid polymers=: polypeptides
Since proof-reading enzymes correct mistakes made by polymerase, overall mistake rate = __ bp/ ______ bps: 1, 1,000,000,000
Composed of water-soluble sugar molecules: Carbohydrates
Small molecules bind to enzyme, changing shape of active site: Allosteric Regulation
Daughter cells contain 1/2 the genetic information of parental cell in _____: meiosis (sexual reproduction- produces gametes)
Collection of bacteria containing entire genome of organism in small pieces: DNA library
Genetic material, aka the hereditary blueprint: DNA
Turns enzyme on/off when needed: Allosteric Regulatory site
Daughter cells genetically identical to parent cells in _____: mitosis
Similar in structure to fats/oils except 1 of 3 fatty acids are replaced by phosphate group: Phospholipids
Form at opposite poles of the cell (prophase), extend from the cell poles to align chromosomes at the metaphase plate (metaphase), and pull the chromatids toward the spindle poles, and lengthen and elongate the cell (anaphase): Spindle Fibers
All living organisms have ___ as their genetic material: DNA
Introduce gene into new organism (via plasmid, virus, or blast dna-coated pellets into cell 'gene gun'): Genetic Engineering Step 3
All other chromosome pairs other than sex chromosomes: autosomes
Cells ith only one of each type of chromosome (n): Haploid (found in sex cells)
Cells in G0 phase still do their jobs (metabolically active), they just don't _____: divide
Change in gene frequencies in a population over time: evolution
Number of protons in the nucleus: Atomic number
__________ are polymers of aminoasicds: Polypeptides
Resting, growing phase: Interphase
All sexual life cycles include 2 events:: Meiosis, fertilization
G1 Phase: Growth phase 1 (acquire materials, grow)
Chromatids have been ripped apart, 92 chromosomes, DNA has been divided: Anaphase
Double-ring bases in DNA: Purines
Single circular chromosome attached to cell wall: Prokaryote DNA
Locations of the organism's genome (DNA): Nucleus
Bacteria, Archaea: Prokaryotic cells
Phospholipids, Steroids: Lipids
Mitosis or Meiosis only occurs in _____ cells: Eukaryotic
Can carry info, but cannot store it: RNA
Zygote: fertilized egg (1-cell embryo)
Late anaphase - early telophase: cytokenisis
Molecules electrically neutral, and therefore not attracted to water: hydrophobic
The human Y chromosome carries __ genes: 84
Binary fission (a form of mitosis) only occurs in ______ cells: Prokaryotic
XYY (male) =: Fertile; excess testosterone; lower IQ)
Human karyotypes tend to order chromosome pairs from _____ --> _____: longest, smallest
Lipid production, including steroids; in liver cells, it detoxifies drugs and alcohol; also in liver cells, it breaks down glycogen: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Functions of Mitosis: Growth, Maintenance, Repair, Asexual reproduction
Replicated chromosomes =: 1 chromosome, 2 chromatids, 2 dna molecules
Last step in PCR, once enough dna is made: compare segments with suspects (victims, and other people involved too)
4 rings of carbon with functional groups attached: Steroids
pure liquid inside of cell: cytosol
Sister chromatids connected at ______: centromere
RNA always has ________ as sugar: ribose
Genetically modified organisms (part 2): BT Corn, Flavr Savr tomatoes (A gene was inserted to make ripe tomatoes firmer, since normal tomatoes cannot be shipped when ripe), golden rice (modified to make vitamin A by using a daffoldil gene; still not enough to make a difference)
Enzymes are all _____: Proteins
Long chain of monomers: polymer
Region where paired chromosomes are joined: Chiasmata
Breaks hydrogen bonds holding nitrogen bases together (unzips): DNA Helicase
This starts the moment the RNA leaves the nucleus: Translation
Chromosomes often occur in paird called ______: homologues
Structural Material: cellulose (plants- composes cell wall), not digestible by most animals: Carbohydrates
Each triplet stands for an _____ _____: amino acid
RNA --> Protein: Translation
The modification of genetic material: genetic engineering
tRNA delivers appropriate amino acid to ribosome: Translation Step 3
Batteries of the cell: mitochondria
Only one strand of DNA (template strand) is _____: copied
Warehouse of the cell: golgi apparatus
Polypeptide backbone: NCCNCCNCC
Semi-liquid: cytoplasm
G2 Phase: Growth phase 2 (synthesize material for cell division)
DNA always has ________ as sugar: deoxyribose
The human X chromosome carries ___ genes: over 1500 (close to 2000 now)
Main component of the plasma membrane: Phospholipids
Most common energy-carrier molcules; synthesized from ADP: ATP
Formation of haploid gametes to diploids (1n + 1n --> 2n): Fertilization
Cells are...: the smallest unit of life
S Phase: Synthesis phase (replicate DNA)
A molecule upon which an enzyme acts; binds with the enzyme's active site: Substrate
Three bases are called _______: codons
Splitting of diploid to haploid gametes (2n --> 1n): Meiosis
Crossing a dominant phenotype individual (unknown if they are Pp or PP) with a homozygous recessive individual to determine what the genotype of the dominate individual: Test cross
Chromosome replicates, cell elongates (chromosomes pulled apart), membrane pinches in middle, daughter cells formed: Binary Fission
Genetically modified organisms (GMO's): Fishberry (strawberry with flounder genes for antifreeze proteins), Frostban (bacteria with one gene altered; plants sprayed with bacteria have less frost damage)
XXY (male) =: Klinefelter Syndrome (Infertile; often unnoticed)
Liquid capable of dissolving other substances in itself: solvent
Binds other part of tRNA and has enzymatic site where amino acids are linked together: Large Ribosomal Sub-unit
This is the main component of organic molecules: Carbon
Stop codons: UAG, UAA, UGA
Function: Energy storage, structural material: Lipids
The process when environmental differences results in changes of the gene frequencies in a population of organisms: natural selection
Cells with pairs of homologous chromosomes (2n): Diploid (found in most cells of human body)
XXX (female) =: Trisomy X (Fertile; usually tall; potentially lower IQ)
cells are created by cell _____: replication
Base pair rules apply in Transcription except that _______ replaces ______: uracil, thymine
Chromosomes have condensed (no chromatids yet): Prophase
23-year-old man, killed by blow to face, lived ~9000 years ago: Cheddar man (mtDNA shows relationship to several living descendants in nearby village)
mRNA carries code for protein from nucleus to cytoplasm (Exits nucleus via nuclear pores): Translation Step 1
smallest living unit: cell
Crossing over occus during _____ of meiosis I: prophase
When Homologous pairs don't separate during meiosis (affects gamete chromosome counts): Nondisjunction
Water is an excellent ______: solvent (important!)
RNA Polymerase "forces" DNA to partially unwind, RNA Polymerase synthesizes complementary copy (only frees up one gene that will be made into protein): Transcription Step 2 (elongation)
Polypeptides=: Proteins
Long hydrocarbon skeleton, terminal carboxyl group: Fatty Acids
Carries code from DNA to ribosomes: Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer
Location on enzymes where substrates can bind: Active site
Chromosomes that undergo crossing over are known as _____ chromosomes: recombinant
True-breeding =: homozygous
Once enough dna is made using PCR, they are cut with _______ _______: restriction enzymes (these enzymes are made naturally by bacteria to "chop up" virus DNA)
DNA Polymerase mismatches __ bp/ _____ bps: 1, 10,000
Small sized cell with nucleoid: Prokaryotic cells
Majority of cell cycle is spent in _______: interphase
RNA Polymerase reaches termination signal, RNA Polymerase detaches from DNA strand, RNA molecule detaches from RNA Polymerase, DNA zips back up: Transcription Step 3 (Termination)
5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogen-containing base (5 types): nucleotides
Prepare Recombinant DNA; restriction enzymes cut up large dna molecules into smaller pieces (location of cut is based on specific dna sequence); Insert fragments into vectors (transform recombinant vectors into bacteria; bacteria randomly pick up vector): Genetic Engineering Step 1
Monosaccaride, Disaccharides, polysaccharides: Carbohydrates
All organic matter has this element: carbon
Needed for structural integrity of cell membrane, absorption of vital vitamins: Cholesterol
Molecules composed of nucleotides: Nucleic Acids
Binds mRNA and part of tRNA: Small Ribosomal Sub-unit
2 types: free, and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum: Ribosomes
A pair of bases is incorrectly matched: Point Mutation
Function in Mammals: Store tissures in adipose cells, cushioning and insulation: Lipids
Sugar-phosphate backbone: Nucleic acids
Rough and smooth organelle: Endoplasmic reticulum
One or more nucleotide pairs are inserted into a gene: Insertion Mutation
Function: Hormones (including sex hormones: estrogen, testosterone and cortisol: stress hormone): Lipids
Substance that can't be broken down or converted to another, simpler substance by ordinary chemical means: element
DNA Strand being transcribed: Template Strand
Exchange of segments of homologous chromosomes: Crossing over

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 292