Bio Unit 3 test
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- active site
- each enzyme has an ____ which actively engages other compunds to cause a reaction
- An unsaturated fatty acid has a double bond in between the H carbon chain
- what is the difference between an unsaturated and saturated fatty acid
- amylase; maltose
- ____ is the enzyme released by the salivary glands that converts starch to ______
- small molecules
- in the small intestine enzymes break down foods into _______ that can be absorbed by the small intestine and used by the body
- antibodies
- defense
- transports
- hemoglobin in blood (RBCs) ___ oxygen throughout the body
- protein
- proteases are _____ hydrolyzing enzymes
- join
- enzymes can also ____ compounds together to form new compounds
- (3) Carbon
- what type of compound is glycerol?
- carboxyl group
- acidic part of the molecule, polar and will dissolve in water
- catabolic
- when large molecules are broken down
- polar
- what will always dissolve in water?
- changed
- the compund is ______
- metabolic pathways
- a series of linked reactions in the cell
- R group
- amino acids differ according to their ____
- polysaccharides
- long polymers of monosaccharides joined together by condensation synthesis
- nitrogenous base
- nitrogen-containing base; base because it raises pH of a solution
- denaturation
- altering the configuration/ "shape" of the proteins
- proteins
- Enzymes are giant natural _____
- yes
- Are sucrose and maltose isomers?
- phosphate
- attached to one of the 5 carbon sugars
- C(12)H(22)O(11)
- what is the empiracal formula for dissacharrides
- activation energy
- all chemical rection require ______ to boot reactants over the energy barrier
- unsaturated fatty acid
- contain one or more double bond between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
- phospholipids
- similar to fats except that one or sometimes two of the fatty acids are replaced by a phosphate group which is usually linked to a nitrogen containing group
- RNA
- directs the building of proteins based on instructions encoded in DNA
- carbohydrates
- carbohydrases are ______ hydrolyzing enzymes
- waxes
- a type of structural lipid; consist of a long fatty acid chain bonded to a long alcohol chain; highly waterproof
- enzymes/catalysts
- compunds that speed up reactions that occur in the cell
- deoxyribose
- 5 carbon sugar
- reactant; product
- metabollic pathways begin with a particular ____ and terminate with a particular _____
- Amino acids; peptide bonds
- Enzymes are composed of long chains of ______ linked together by _____
- temperature
- as _____ increases, enzyme activity increases up to a point when denaturation occurs
- condensation
- proteins are formed through _____ reactions between long strings of amino acids
- substrate
- _____is the term for any molecule the enzyme targets
- steroids
- carbon skeletons consisting of four fused rings; insoluble in water; foundation of many important biological molecules like hormones
- carbohydrates
- short term energy storage molecules
- lipids
- non polar, organic compounds, hydrophobic; large structurally diverse groups of compounds
- Primary Structure
- the simplest; unique sequencing of amino acids
- enzymes; changed
- _____ have the ability to change other compounds without being _____ itself
- enzymes
- ____ significantly lower activation energy
- ATP (adensine triphosphate)
- energy molecule that the cell can use
- catalysts
- enzymes are biological ______
- oils
- liquid at room temperature because of molecular structures; made from unsaturated fatty acids
- empiracal formula
- a simple way of representing a molecule
- trans fatty acids are the same as unsaturated fatty acids, just altered a bit
- what is a trans fatty acid?
- amino group; carboxyl group
- all amino acids have a(n) _______ at one end and a(n) _____ at the other end.
- enzyme co-factors
- many enzymes require an organic ion to function properly (vitamins and supplements)
- enzyme
- the ____ does not change after the reaction
- molecules; bonding
- the substrate is broken down into new _____ by the enzyme, with different shapes that now escape the _____
- support
- fibrous ____ of body parts
- in yeast
- enzyme means _______
- substrate concentration
- as ____ ____ increases, so does the rate of the reaction until all sites on an enzyme are filled because enzyme concentration is constant
- condensation synthesis
- to form a triglyceride
- complex
- enzymes have very _____ structures
- pH
- enzymes typically have an optical ____
- H bonds, covalent bonds, and ionic bonds
- what are three types of bonds that contribute to the tertiary (3rd) structure
- glycerol
- 3 carbon compound with 3 hydroxyl groups
- enzyme concentration
- as ____ ____ increases, so does the rate of reaction until the substrate is used up
- C(6)H(12)O(6)
- what is the empiracal formula for monosaccharides
- coenzymes
- _____ help enzymes if they are needed
- complimentary
- when the enzyme finds its _____ compound they fit together and a reaction takes place
- amylase; starch
- saliva contains ____ which breaks down _____
- one
- enzymes are specific to only ____ other compound (substrate)
- 12 non-essential amino acids
- you still NEED these, but your body can produce them
- photosynthesis
- _____ in plants could not occur without enzymes
- a carbon atom bonded to a H and 3 additional groups
- a structure of an amino acid always includes...
- sucrase; glucose and fructose
- _____ helps convert sucrose into _____ and _____
- mono=one; saccharide= sugar
- what does monosaccharide stand for?
- co-enzyme
- sometimes a _____ is necessary to catalyze a reaction
- polypeptide
- polymers of monomers (amino acids)
- fatty acid
- simplest lipid
- yes
- are glucose and fructose isomers?
- triglycerides
- long term energy storage molecules formed during condensation synthesis between 3 fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol
- enzymes
- chemicals that are essential to the chemical reactions of metabolism
- substrate to undergo a chemical reaction
- when the enzyme recognizes its substrate it holds its companion in the correct orientation allowing the _________________
- third (tertiary) structure
- 3D shapes the molecules assume as a result of twisting, bending, and folding caused by various types of bonding between R groups
- substrate
- reactants in an enzyme reaction
- fats
- solid at room temperature becasue of molecular structures; mad from saturated fatty acids
- glycogen, starch, cellulose, and chitin
- What are the four most common polysaccharides?
- 2:1
- What is the ratio from hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in glucose and fructose?
- disaccharides
- two monosaccharides joined together by condensation synthesis
- Secondary structure
- occurs when segments of a polypeptic coil or fold in a particular way
- enzyme inhibitors
- prevents an enzyme from combining with its substrate
- high-quality/ complete
- proteins that contain the 8 essential amino acids
- pentose sugar
- 5 cabon sugar
- enzymes
- reusable and particular to one substrate
- 20; amino
- ___ different ____ acids in living things
- anabolic
- when large molecules are synthesized
- starch and glycogen
- two important polysaccharides
- DNA
- molecule that stores genetic information regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are to be joined in the synthesis of proteins
- lipids; lipase
- ______ helps break down lipids into _____
- 8 essential amino acids
- your body can't produce them, so you have to consume them
- 4; 4
- there are ___ types of nucleotides in DNA and ___ types of RNA
- maltase; glucose
- in the small intestine ____ released from the pancreas splits maltose into _____
- muscle cell components
- actin and myocen
- alpha helix and beta sheet
- 2 types of the secondary structure which are often a result of hydrogen bonds
- proteins
- composed of one or more polypeptides
- monosaccharides
- simple sugar
- pepsin; protein
- gastric juice contains ____ which breaks down ____
- amino acids
- an enzymes shape is determined by the sequence of ______ in the protein chain
- sucrase; substrate
- enzymes such as _____ are named after the _____ they operate on and are generally given the suffx "ase"
- enzymes
- _____ are globular (tertiary) proteins
- enzymes
- virtually all chemical reactions in the body are catalyzed by _____
- metabolism
- sum of chemical reactions in a cell during growth and repair
- enzyme; substrate
- it is the specific shape of the _____ that enables it to recognize its specific and complimentary _______
- R group
- Each amino acid is distinguished by the particular ______ section of the molecule
- reactant
- _____ = complimentary substrate