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Bio Midterm Combination (Vocabulary and Review)

Vocabulary + Review

Terms

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Food Webs
The overlapping food chains of an ecosystem
High osmotic pressure
high solute = hypertonic
Respiration Reactants
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in the structure of molecules
Autotrophs are either photosynthetic or
Chemosynthetic
Cytosol
Semifluid material
Nucleotide
A subunit of DNA or RNA composed of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group
Synthesis
The process of building chemical compounds from smaller components by means of chemical reactions
DNA contains
Deoxyribose Sugar
Autotroph
An organism that forms its own food molecules (carbon compounds) from abiotic materials
Virus
A nonliving, infectious particle of nucleic acid, protein, and sometimes, lipid membrane that can replicate only inside a living cell
What two things get passed down through reproduction
Genes and mutations
Lipids are made up of
Fatty acids and glycerol
Cell-Cycle Arrest
An abrupt halt in the cell cycle when proteins detect mistakes or damage in DNA that needs to be repaired
M
Mitosis stage with chromosome replication & production of 2 nuclei from 1 & cell division
Schleiden discovered
Plant Cells
At the end of mitosis, the cell begins
G1 again
The age of Earth is
4,6 Billion
Isotonic
equal amt. of solute on both sides
Dark Reactions
(Calvin Cycle) CO2 gets fixated into 2 molecules of PGA, then to PGAL with the NADPH + ATP form light
Genetic Engineering
Manipulating DNA in cells to improve health
ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate) A compound that has three phosphate groups and is used by cells to store energy and to fuel many metabolic processes
RNA Phosphates
A+U, G+C
Chemoautotrophs
An organism that derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide
The age of our universe is
15Billion
Schwann discovered
Animal Cells
Examples of Genetic Engineering
HGH, Insulin
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nucleus division
Species
All individuals and populations of a particular type of organism that can interbreed with one another
Bioenergetics
Energy flow and change
Electrons can either be
shared or transferred
Nucleus
Control center for all activity
Methanogens
Archaebacteria that live in anaerobic environments and produce methane as a by-product of their metabolic process
Unicelled eukaryotes produced
New organisms
ATP and NADP are
Energy storing compounds
Vircow believed in
Biogenesis
Franklin and Wilkins discovered
DNA is the same language in all organisms
During genetic engineering, the gene is inserted into the
Bacterial plasmid
Cyclins
A group of proteins whose function is to regulate the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and whose concentrations rise and fall throughout the cell cycle
Chloroplasts
Green plastids for photosynthesis (Plants Only)
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in middle of cell
The higher the magnification of a microscope, the
Smaller the field of view is
Ecosystem
A biological community and its abiotic environment
The Five Stages of the Cell Cycle
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Centromere
The specialized region of a chromosome that holds two replicated chromosomal strands together and that attached to the spindle in mitosis.
Spontaneous Generation
The belief that a cell can be made from nonliving matter
Eukaryote
An organism whose cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles
How many ATP does fermentation make
2
Abiotic Factors
Referring to a physical or nonliving component of an ecosystem
Passive transport
no energy needed
The three steps of cellular, aerobic respiration
Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC
G2
Short growth with small amount of protein and RNA synthesis
Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical changes taking place in an organism
Cytoplasm
Cytosol + all organelles
Heat Energy
An unusable form of energy for organisms
Nucleoli
Synthesis of RNA
Biosphere
The outer portion of Earth-air, water, and soil- where life is found
Peptide bonds connect
Amino Acids
Ecosystem
Producer-Consumer-Decomposer
For an object to look normal under a microscope, it must be placed
Upside down and backwards
Pyrimidines
Have a single ring. Ex: Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil
DNA Phosphates
A+T, G+C
Enzymes
A protein or part-protein molecule made by an organism and used as a catalyst in a specific biochemical reaction
Cell Cycle
DNA synthesis + cell reproduction
Nuclear Envelope
Double Membrane; Semipermeable
Photosynthesis Reactants
6CO2 + 6H20
The number of protons in a molecule =
Electrons and Atomic #
Organic compounds contain
C and H
Plastid
Synthesize ATP from light in photosynthesis
Contractile Vacuoles
Pumps water in protists
Multicelled eukaryotes used the cell cycle for
Maintenance and repair of cell + growth
Darwin's theory was based on
Organisms changing over time, leading to variations
Lysosome
A cell vesicle that contains digestive enzymes (Animals Only)
Watson and Crick discovered
The structure of DNA double helix
Photosynthesis Products
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Fermentation takes place when there is a lack of
Oxygen
Two Types of fermentation
Lactic acid and Alcoholic
G1
Active Growth Period; Protein Synthesis; No Dividing; Nerve Cells and RBC stay here
Cell/Plasma Membrane
Double semipermeable
Cell Wall
Nonliving, Rigid (Gives Support for Plants Only)
Free Energy
Energy that is available to do work
Ionic Bond
A chemical bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions
Cytoskeleton
Protein network for shape; Movement is made of microtubules
Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Lamarck's theory was based on
Acquired traits being inherited
Extensions of Cytoskeleton
Flagella (Whiplike) and Cilia (Short Hairs)
Cell
The basic living unit
Purines
Have a double ring. Ex: Adenine and Guanine
Anaphase
Centromere divides and the 2 chromatids become separate chromosomes which move to opposite ends of the cell
The control is the
Standard for comparison
Prophase
Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, microtubules form spindle fibers which attach to centromeres of chromosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Flat sacs that package and secrete molecules for export
Scientific Method
Problem, Hypothesis, Experiment (Materials + Procedure), Results, Conclusion
Proteins are made up of
Amino Acids
Phospholipids are made of
Proteins
Absorption
When the large intestine reabsorbs water
Heat doesn't recycle because of
Loss of heat
Phagocyte
Specialized cell that ingests and destroys foreign particles or microorganisms
Decomposition
Breaking down reaction
Decomposers
An organism that lives on decaying organic material from which it obtains energy and nutrients
Hypertonic
too little water and can shrivel (crenation)
Anaerobic
Occurring or living in conditions without free or dissolved oxygen
Ionic bonds are
Stronger than hydrogen bonds, but weaker than covalent bonds
Ribosomes
Small bodies in which proteins are made
Respiration Products
6CO2 + 6H2O
Urinary System
Urea concentration is high in urine since kidneys keep the level of urea low in blood
Lichens
Fungi and algae that live together in close association
Low osmotic pressure
low solute = hypotonic
Isotopes are different from regular molecule in that
They have different numbers of neutrons
Chromosomes
Contain DNA for heredity
Hydrogen bonds are
Weak
Atom
Smallest particle of element
S
DNA Synthesis of new set of genes; Errors = mutations (SOME harmful)
RNA contains
Ribose Sugar
Diffusion
The movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area.
Biogenesis
Living cells can come only from other living cells
Chromosome Segregation
Separation of the sister chromatids during mitosis in which each new nucleus receives one copy of each chromosome
Schwann & Schleiden developed the
Cell Theory
The lower the magnification of a microscope, the
Larger the field of view is
Light Reactions
Chlorophyll in thylakoids absorb light, convert it to ATP; Splits H2O into H2 + O, and NADP carries the H2 to the Calvin cycle
Producers
An autotroph; Any organism that produces its own food
Respiration and photosynthesis are related because
Respiration used the products of Photosynthesis as reactants & vice versa
Entropy
A measure of the degree of disorganization of a system (How much energy in a system has become so dispersed that it is no longer available to do work
Enzymes catalyze
Specific substrates
Vacuoles
Vesicles for storage of salts, enzymes, food, pigments, H2O; Larger in plants
Catabolic
A process in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones
Photoautotrophs
An organism that derives energy from light and forms its own organic compounds (food) from abiotic carbon sources
The age of the earliest fossils
3.5 Billion
The number of neutrons =
Mass # - Atomic #
Big Bang
When all of our universe's condensed matter exploded, sending it into space where gravity pulled it into planets
Leaf Stomates open in
Light
Prokaryote
An organism whose cells do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei or organelles
Binary Fission is simpler than the
Cell Cycle
A theory is a
prediction
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network system of tubes connecting organelles; Smooth (No Ribosomes) + Rough (Has Ribosomes)
The cell membrane is made of
Two Phospholipid layers
The whole point of Respiration is to make
38 ATP
Respiration Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP
Taxonomy
The theories and techniques of describing, grouping, and naming living things
Nucleic Acids contain
DNA and RNA
Prokaryotes produce new bacteria by
Binary Fission
Hypotonic
too much water and can lyse
Wilting is also known as
Plasmolysis
Carbohydrates are made up of
Monosaccharides
Anabolic
A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules
Covalent bonds are
Strong
Centrioles
Tubelike; For cell reproduction in mitosis (Animals Only)
Heterotroph
An organism that obtains carbon compounds from other organisms
Cancer
A group of disease that involves abnormal, uncontrolled growth and division of cells
Telophase
2 new nuclear envelopes form round the 2 groups of chromosomes at poles and the cell splits
Chromatin
In eukaryotes, the chromosomal material (DNA and associated proteins) as it ordinarily appears in a cell's nucleus with individual chromosomes indistinct
Mitochondria
The organelles in eukaryotic cells that carry on cell respiration
ADP
(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy
The Four stages of Interphase
G1, S, G2, M
Mitochondria
Powerhouse for energy
Leaf Stomates swell with
Water
Chemical reactions
The process of building chemical bonds that produces one or more new substances
When dealing with a bioethical situation, three things you should are
Weigh factors, respect human life, and don't play games
Cell Cycle
An ordered sequence of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell, composed of mitosis and interphase growth and DNA synthesis phases

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