Bio Midterm Combination (Vocabulary and Review)
Vocabulary + Review
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Food Webs
- The overlapping food chains of an ecosystem
- High osmotic pressure
- high solute = hypertonic
- Respiration Reactants
- C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Chemical Energy
- Energy stored in the structure of molecules
- Autotrophs are either photosynthetic or
- Chemosynthetic
- Cytosol
- Semifluid material
- Nucleotide
- A subunit of DNA or RNA composed of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group
- Synthesis
- The process of building chemical compounds from smaller components by means of chemical reactions
- DNA contains
- Deoxyribose Sugar
- Autotroph
- An organism that forms its own food molecules (carbon compounds) from abiotic materials
- Virus
- A nonliving, infectious particle of nucleic acid, protein, and sometimes, lipid membrane that can replicate only inside a living cell
- What two things get passed down through reproduction
- Genes and mutations
- Lipids are made up of
- Fatty acids and glycerol
- Cell-Cycle Arrest
- An abrupt halt in the cell cycle when proteins detect mistakes or damage in DNA that needs to be repaired
- M
- Mitosis stage with chromosome replication & production of 2 nuclei from 1 & cell division
- Schleiden discovered
- Plant Cells
- At the end of mitosis, the cell begins
- G1 again
- The age of Earth is
- 4,6 Billion
- Isotonic
- equal amt. of solute on both sides
- Dark Reactions
- (Calvin Cycle) CO2 gets fixated into 2 molecules of PGA, then to PGAL with the NADPH + ATP form light
- Genetic Engineering
- Manipulating DNA in cells to improve health
- ATP
- (Adenosine Triphosphate) A compound that has three phosphate groups and is used by cells to store energy and to fuel many metabolic processes
- RNA Phosphates
- A+U, G+C
- Chemoautotrophs
- An organism that derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide
- The age of our universe is
- 15Billion
- Schwann discovered
- Animal Cells
- Examples of Genetic Engineering
- HGH, Insulin
- Cytokinesis
- The division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nucleus division
- Species
- All individuals and populations of a particular type of organism that can interbreed with one another
- Bioenergetics
- Energy flow and change
- Electrons can either be
- shared or transferred
- Nucleus
- Control center for all activity
- Methanogens
- Archaebacteria that live in anaerobic environments and produce methane as a by-product of their metabolic process
- Unicelled eukaryotes produced
- New organisms
- ATP and NADP are
- Energy storing compounds
- Vircow believed in
- Biogenesis
- Franklin and Wilkins discovered
- DNA is the same language in all organisms
- During genetic engineering, the gene is inserted into the
- Bacterial plasmid
- Cyclins
- A group of proteins whose function is to regulate the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and whose concentrations rise and fall throughout the cell cycle
- Chloroplasts
- Green plastids for photosynthesis (Plants Only)
- Metaphase
- Chromosomes line up in middle of cell
- The higher the magnification of a microscope, the
- Smaller the field of view is
- Ecosystem
- A biological community and its abiotic environment
- The Five Stages of the Cell Cycle
- Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
- Centromere
- The specialized region of a chromosome that holds two replicated chromosomal strands together and that attached to the spindle in mitosis.
- Spontaneous Generation
- The belief that a cell can be made from nonliving matter
- Eukaryote
- An organism whose cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles
- How many ATP does fermentation make
- 2
- Abiotic Factors
- Referring to a physical or nonliving component of an ecosystem
- Passive transport
- no energy needed
- The three steps of cellular, aerobic respiration
- Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC
- G2
- Short growth with small amount of protein and RNA synthesis
- Metabolism
- The sum of all the chemical changes taking place in an organism
- Cytoplasm
- Cytosol + all organelles
- Heat Energy
- An unusable form of energy for organisms
- Nucleoli
- Synthesis of RNA
- Biosphere
- The outer portion of Earth-air, water, and soil- where life is found
- Peptide bonds connect
- Amino Acids
- Ecosystem
- Producer-Consumer-Decomposer
- For an object to look normal under a microscope, it must be placed
- Upside down and backwards
- Pyrimidines
- Have a single ring. Ex: Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil
- DNA Phosphates
- A+T, G+C
- Enzymes
- A protein or part-protein molecule made by an organism and used as a catalyst in a specific biochemical reaction
- Cell Cycle
- DNA synthesis + cell reproduction
- Nuclear Envelope
- Double Membrane; Semipermeable
- Photosynthesis Reactants
- 6CO2 + 6H20
- The number of protons in a molecule =
- Electrons and Atomic #
- Organic compounds contain
- C and H
- Plastid
- Synthesize ATP from light in photosynthesis
- Contractile Vacuoles
- Pumps water in protists
- Multicelled eukaryotes used the cell cycle for
- Maintenance and repair of cell + growth
- Darwin's theory was based on
- Organisms changing over time, leading to variations
- Lysosome
- A cell vesicle that contains digestive enzymes (Animals Only)
- Watson and Crick discovered
- The structure of DNA double helix
- Photosynthesis Products
- C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Fermentation takes place when there is a lack of
- Oxygen
- Two Types of fermentation
- Lactic acid and Alcoholic
- G1
- Active Growth Period; Protein Synthesis; No Dividing; Nerve Cells and RBC stay here
- Cell/Plasma Membrane
- Double semipermeable
- Cell Wall
- Nonliving, Rigid (Gives Support for Plants Only)
- Free Energy
- Energy that is available to do work
- Ionic Bond
- A chemical bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions
- Cytoskeleton
- Protein network for shape; Movement is made of microtubules
- Photosynthesis Equation
- 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Lamarck's theory was based on
- Acquired traits being inherited
- Extensions of Cytoskeleton
- Flagella (Whiplike) and Cilia (Short Hairs)
- Cell
- The basic living unit
- Purines
- Have a double ring. Ex: Adenine and Guanine
- Anaphase
- Centromere divides and the 2 chromatids become separate chromosomes which move to opposite ends of the cell
- The control is the
- Standard for comparison
- Prophase
- Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, microtubules form spindle fibers which attach to centromeres of chromosomes
- Golgi Apparatus
- Flat sacs that package and secrete molecules for export
- Scientific Method
- Problem, Hypothesis, Experiment (Materials + Procedure), Results, Conclusion
- Proteins are made up of
- Amino Acids
- Phospholipids are made of
- Proteins
- Absorption
- When the large intestine reabsorbs water
- Heat doesn't recycle because of
- Loss of heat
- Phagocyte
- Specialized cell that ingests and destroys foreign particles or microorganisms
- Decomposition
- Breaking down reaction
- Decomposers
- An organism that lives on decaying organic material from which it obtains energy and nutrients
- Hypertonic
- too little water and can shrivel (crenation)
- Anaerobic
- Occurring or living in conditions without free or dissolved oxygen
- Ionic bonds are
- Stronger than hydrogen bonds, but weaker than covalent bonds
- Ribosomes
- Small bodies in which proteins are made
- Respiration Products
- 6CO2 + 6H2O
- Urinary System
- Urea concentration is high in urine since kidneys keep the level of urea low in blood
- Lichens
- Fungi and algae that live together in close association
- Low osmotic pressure
- low solute = hypotonic
- Isotopes are different from regular molecule in that
- They have different numbers of neutrons
- Chromosomes
- Contain DNA for heredity
- Hydrogen bonds are
- Weak
- Atom
- Smallest particle of element
- S
- DNA Synthesis of new set of genes; Errors = mutations (SOME harmful)
- RNA contains
- Ribose Sugar
- Diffusion
- The movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area.
- Biogenesis
- Living cells can come only from other living cells
- Chromosome Segregation
- Separation of the sister chromatids during mitosis in which each new nucleus receives one copy of each chromosome
- Schwann & Schleiden developed the
- Cell Theory
- The lower the magnification of a microscope, the
- Larger the field of view is
- Light Reactions
- Chlorophyll in thylakoids absorb light, convert it to ATP; Splits H2O into H2 + O, and NADP carries the H2 to the Calvin cycle
- Producers
- An autotroph; Any organism that produces its own food
- Respiration and photosynthesis are related because
- Respiration used the products of Photosynthesis as reactants & vice versa
- Entropy
- A measure of the degree of disorganization of a system (How much energy in a system has become so dispersed that it is no longer available to do work
- Enzymes catalyze
- Specific substrates
- Vacuoles
- Vesicles for storage of salts, enzymes, food, pigments, H2O; Larger in plants
- Catabolic
- A process in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones
- Photoautotrophs
- An organism that derives energy from light and forms its own organic compounds (food) from abiotic carbon sources
- The age of the earliest fossils
- 3.5 Billion
- The number of neutrons =
- Mass # - Atomic #
- Big Bang
- When all of our universe's condensed matter exploded, sending it into space where gravity pulled it into planets
- Leaf Stomates open in
- Light
- Prokaryote
- An organism whose cells do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei or organelles
- Binary Fission is simpler than the
- Cell Cycle
- A theory is a
- prediction
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Network system of tubes connecting organelles; Smooth (No Ribosomes) + Rough (Has Ribosomes)
- The cell membrane is made of
- Two Phospholipid layers
- The whole point of Respiration is to make
- 38 ATP
- Respiration Equation
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP
- Taxonomy
- The theories and techniques of describing, grouping, and naming living things
- Nucleic Acids contain
- DNA and RNA
- Prokaryotes produce new bacteria by
- Binary Fission
- Hypotonic
- too much water and can lyse
- Wilting is also known as
- Plasmolysis
- Carbohydrates are made up of
- Monosaccharides
- Anabolic
- A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules
- Covalent bonds are
- Strong
- Centrioles
- Tubelike; For cell reproduction in mitosis (Animals Only)
- Heterotroph
- An organism that obtains carbon compounds from other organisms
- Cancer
- A group of disease that involves abnormal, uncontrolled growth and division of cells
- Telophase
- 2 new nuclear envelopes form round the 2 groups of chromosomes at poles and the cell splits
- Chromatin
- In eukaryotes, the chromosomal material (DNA and associated proteins) as it ordinarily appears in a cell's nucleus with individual chromosomes indistinct
- Mitochondria
- The organelles in eukaryotic cells that carry on cell respiration
- ADP
- (Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy
- The Four stages of Interphase
- G1, S, G2, M
- Mitochondria
- Powerhouse for energy
- Leaf Stomates swell with
- Water
- Chemical reactions
- The process of building chemical bonds that produces one or more new substances
- When dealing with a bioethical situation, three things you should are
- Weigh factors, respect human life, and don't play games
- Cell Cycle
- An ordered sequence of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell, composed of mitosis and interphase growth and DNA synthesis phases