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Biology Final Exam

Terms

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capillaries
smallest blood cells where arteries + veins meet
neurotransmitters
are chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a sysnapse
semicircular canals
position body in relation to gravity
mutualism
both species benefit from relationship
systemic circulation
pumps blood through the rest of the body besides lungs
founder effect
a situation in which allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
biomass
total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level
plantea
eukaryote, cell walls of celulose; chloroplasts, mulitcellular, autotroph
heterotrophs
consumers, relay on other organisms for food
myosin
thick filaments containing protein
vitamins
organic molecules that help regulate body process with enzymes
gibberellins
produced by seed tissue and are responsible for the rapid early growth of many plants
food chain
a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
niche
full range of physical and biological conditions in which the organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions
fungi
eukaryote, cell walls of chitlin, multi + uni, heterotroph
food web
links all the food chains in an ecosystem together
adaptive radiation
single species evolve into many new forms
joint
bone to bone
fats
formed from fatty acids and glycerol
bronchi
two large passageways in the chest cavity from the larynx
species
group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed together
vas defrens
tube, extends upward from the scrotum to abdominal cavity
carbohydrates
main source of energy for the body
permafrost
a layer of permanently frozen subsoil
tendons
skeletal muscles are joined together by tough connective tissue
pioneer species
the first species to populate an area
coniferous
produce seed-bearing cones
evolution
change over time
cerebrum
largest and most prominent region of brain
placenta
embryo's organ of respiration,nourishment, and excretion
cell body
largest part cell nueron
prostaglandins
modified fatty acids that are produced by a wide range of cells
peristalsis
contractions that squeeze food through esophagus to stomach
target cells
cells that have receptors for a particular hormone
cones
distinguish color
hardy-weinberg principle
allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change
thalamus
recieves messages from all of the sensory receptors throughout the body then relays info to proper region of the brain
ureter
leaves each kidney carrying urine to bladder
domain
larger than a kingdom
specialized cells
uniquely suited to perform a particular function
diaphram
large flat muscle at bottom of cavity
reabsorption
liquid is taken back into a vessel
ecology
scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment
taiga
boreal forests
struggle for existence
member of each species compete for food,living space, and other necesities
gravitropism
a response of a plant to the force of gravity
gastrulation
formation of 3 cell layers; endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
pupil
in the middle of the iris
thigmotropism
the response of plants to touch
carnivores
only eat animals
pharynx
serves as passage way for air and food
polar zones
are cold areas where suns rays are low
axon
fiber that carries impulses away from cell body
primary succession
on land, succession that occurs on the surfaces where no soil exists
aorta
1st of a series of blood vessels that carry the blood on its round trip through the body and back to the heart
paleantologists
scientists who study fossils
populations
groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
archeabacteria
the domain responds to archea; prokaryote, cell walls, unicellular, auto + hetero
adrenal glands
release hormones that help body prepare and deal with stress
companion cells
phloem cells that are surrounded by sieve tube elements
atrium
receives the blood
lymphatic system
a network of vessels, nodes, and organs; collects the fluid that is lost by the blood and returns back to circulatory system
autotrophs
producers, energy from environment to feed themselves
behavioral isolation
occurs when two populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or reproductive stratagies
hypothalamus
control center for hunger and thirst, fatigue, anger
cytokinins
plant hormones that are produced in growing roots and in developing fruit seeds
acetylcholine
vesicals in the axon terminals of the motor neuron release a neurotransmitter
communities
assemblages of different populations in a defined area
biome
a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities
myelin sheath
axon surrounded by insulating membrane
competitive exclusion principle
no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
actin
thin filaments made of protein
herbivores
obtain energy by only eating plants
predator-prey relationship
best known mechanism of population control
reflex
quick automatic response to a stimulus
sensory receptors
react to a specific stimulus
rods
not distinguish color
understory
a second layer of shorter trees and vines
homeostasis
which organisms keep internal conditions stable
bone marrow
cavaties, soft tissue
disruptive selection
when individuals at the upper and lower ends have higher fitness than the middle
cilia
sweep the trapped particles and mucus away from lungs toward pharynx
ventricle
pumps the blood out of the heart
large intestine
removes water from undigested materials
secondary succession
when disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore ecosystem to original condition
puberty
period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional
plasma
water,gases,salts,nutrients,enzymes, plasma proteins
esophagus
food tube
omnivores
eat plants and animals
evolutionary classification
grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history
pulmonary circulation
the right side of the heart pumps blood from heart to lungs
uterus
cavity where fetus can develop
genetic drift
random change in allele frequency
biosphere
contains combined portions of planet in which all life exists
nervous tissue
transmits nerve impulses throughout the body
binomial nomenclature
each species is assigned a two part name
vili
fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients
molecular clock
uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently
Calorie
1000 calories and 1kilocalorie
nephrons
functional units of kidneys
taxonomy
classify organisms and assign each organism universally accepted name
white blood cells
guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria
lens
adjust focus
zygote
a diploid cell contains a set of chromosomes from each parent
polygenic traits
controlled by two or more genes
menstruation
blood is excreted through vagina
hypothalamus
controls secretions of the pituitary gland
hormones
chemicals that are released in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body
decomposers
break down organic; fungi, bacteria
retina
photoreceptors are arranged there
vessel element
angiosperms have a different kind of xylem cell
protista
eukaryotic, cell wall of cellulose; chloroplasts, unicellular + multicellular, autotroph + heterotroph,
archea
live in extreme environments,
epithelial tissue
covert exterior body surronding
eubacteria
the domain bacteria goes with, prokaryote, cell walls with peptidoglycan, unicellular, auto + hetero
sporophyte
a spore producing plant
valves
flaps of connective tissue prevents, blood from mixing
deciduous
a tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season
haversion canals
running through compact bone, contain blood vessels and nerves
larynx
contains two highly elastic folds of tissue known as the vocal cords
mucus
moistens air and traps inhaled particles
urethra
releasing tube (urine released)
detrivores
feed on plant and animal remains
chyme
stomach fluids and food
adaption
any inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival
survival of the fittest
individuals that are better suited to their environment-adaptions that enable fitness-survive and reproduce most successfully
temporal isolation
in which two or more species reproduce at different times
loop of henle
is a section of the nepron tubule in which water in conserved and the volume of urine is minimized
hemoglobin
iron containing protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues through out the body
penis
male genital part
lymphocytes
produce antibodies that are proteins to help destroy pathogens
homologous structures
structures that are physically built in the same configurration
fossils
preserved remains of ancient organisms
theory
well supported testable explanation of a phenomena
follicles
clusters of cells surrounding a single egg
proteinoid microspheres
large organic molecules that form tiny bubbles
cladogram
a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of arganisms
weather
day to day condition of earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place
geographic isolation
two populations are separated by geographic barrier
cerebellum
second largest part of the brain
auxins
produced in the apical meristem and are transported downward into the rest of the plant, they stimulate elongation
urethra
the tube that leads to the outside of the body
stabilizing selection
when individuals near the center have higher fitness levels than the individuals at either end of the curve
gall bladder
where bile is stored
dendrites
short branched extensions
macroevolution
large scaled patterns and processes that occur over a long period of time
epidermal cells
outer covering of a plant
ovulation
egg is released
sieve tube elements
main phloem cells
single gene trait
controlled by a single that has two alleles
parathyroid gland
act to maintain homeostasis of calcium levels in blood
urinary bladder
saclike organ where urine is stored before excretion
arteries
large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
pancreas
keeps glucose levels stable in the blood
implantation
morula is implanted
symbiosis
any relationship in which two species live closely together
periosteum
bone surrounded by a tough layer of connective tissue
endocrine glands
release secretions directly into the bloodstream
fossil record
all the information about pastlife
filtration
happens in glomerulus
reflex arc
includes sensory receptors
cochlea
vibrations in oval window create pressure waves in the fluid filled
exocrine glands
release secretions through tubelike structures called ducts
herbicides
compounds toxic to plants
directional selection
when individuals have higher fitness in the middle or at the the other end
atherosclerosis
fatty acids build up on the inner wall of arteries
connective tissue
provides support for body and connects parts
phototropism
the tendency of a plant to grow toward a source of light
descent with modification
each living species has descended with changes from other species over time
fetus
after 8 weeks of development embryo is called
greenhouse effect
heat is retained by this layer of greenhouse gases is
humus
a material found in decaying leaves
ligaments
hold bones together in a joint
resource
water, nutrients, light, food, or space
fitness
the ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
action potential
negative to positive charge
temperate zones
sit between polar zones and tropics
small intestine
where re absorption of material occurs in digestion
pituitary gland
bean sized structure at base of the skull, secretes nine hormones
brain stem
connects brain to spinal cord (pons + medulla oblangata)
menstrual cycle
four phases of a womans cycle
alveoli
millions of tiny air sacs
animalia
eukaryote, multicellular, heterotroph
abiotic factors
physical, nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem
punctuated equilibrium
pattern of long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
endosymbiotic theory
proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms
Veins
blood returns to heart
eukarya
organisms that have nucleus
parasitism
one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it
ossification
cartilage is replaced by bone
corpus luteum
the follicle turns yellow
microfossils
microscopic fossils
phylogeny
evolutionary relationships among organisms
climate
average year around conditions of termperature and precipitation
epididymis
sperm fully mature and stored
pancreas
produces enzymes that break down carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
liver
produces bile
reproductive isolation
when members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
threshold
the minimum level of a stimulus that is required to activate a nueron
proteins
supply raw materials for growth and repair of structures such as skin and muscle
predation
one organism captures and feeds on another organism
extinct
species died out
pacemaker
muscle contractions throughout the heart
natural selection
survival of the fittest, over time results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population
bacteria
unicellular and prokaryotic
trophic level
each step in a food chain or web
minerals
inorganic nutrients that the body needs to
seminiferous tubules
in each testis are clusters of millions of tiny tubules
gametophyte
gamete producing plant
meniges
3 layers of connective tissue around brain and spinal cord
commensalism
one member benefits and other is neither helped or harmed
feedback inhibition
one stimulus produces a response to another stimulus
neurulation
development of nervous system
canopy
dense covering
bowmans capsule
hollow cup shaped structure in kidney
rugea
ridges in stomach wall
scrotum
external sac where testes descend
genus
closely related group of species
ecosystem
a collection of all the organisms live in a particular place together with nonliving surroundings
trachea
wind pipe
artificial selection
nature provides variation, humans select those variations that they found useful
vagina
leads to outside of body where baby can come out
stomach
large muscular tube where there is mechanical and chemical digestion
chemosynthesis
organisms use chemical energy to produce carbs
thyroid
regulates bodies metabolism
lateral bud
meristematic area on the side of a stem that gives rise to side branches
amalyase
breaks down the chemical bonds in starches and releases sugars
speciation
formation of new species
resting potential
electrical charge of neuron is in resting state
fallopian tubes
fluid filled tubes, connected to ovary
epiglottis
covers entrance to trachea when swallowing
synapse
the location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell
differentiation
responsible for the development of various types of tissue in the body
platelet
create a way to clot blood
ethylene
stimulates fruits to ripen
kidneys
excrete excess ions; water volume, maintain proper ph, remove nitrogenous waste, monitor blood glucose level
muscle tissue
along with bones, enable the body to move
myocardium
two thin layers epithelial tissue and connective tissue that form a sandwich around a thick layer of muscle
convergent evolution
unrelated organisms come to resemble one and another
taxon
taxonomic catagory
genetic equilibrium
which allele frequencies remain constant
derived characters
characters that appear in recent part of lineage but not in its older members
glomerulus
small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of the nephron
neuromuscular junction
point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle
relative frequency
the number of times that the allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur
common descent
all species- living and extinct - were derived from common ancestors
neurons
cells that transmit impulses
red blood cells
cells that transport oxygen
tropisms
demonstrates the ability of plants
cerebrospinal fluid
bathes the brain and spinal cord and acts as a shock absorber that protects central nervous system
ecological pyramid
diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or web
Coevolution
evolution between 2 species
gene pool
consists of all genes, including all the different alleles, that are present in a population
tropical zone
located near the equator
biotic factors
biological influences within an ecosystem
ecological succession
series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time

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