cell bio

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monocilia: 9+0 pattern no dynein nonmotile determine body right and left axis because leftward flow generated
ribosome: basophilic because negative phosphate groups hemotoxylin blue have 40S and 60S subunits
progeria: defect nuclear lamins also muscular dystrophy
heliobacter pylori: also disrupts ZO barrier in epithelium lining of stomach
OXA: complex inserts proteins into inner mito membrane or proteins into matrix
anemia: due to defect in spectrin synthesis weak structure break easily
*zellweger syndrome: peroxisomal enzymes not transported into peroxisome defect import protein
*cystic fibrosis: chloride channels blocked Na increase and water flows out result thick mucous also if proteasome degrades CFTR transporter variant
syndecan: core protein embedded in cell membrane ex fibroblast co receptor for growth factor
connexon: 6 connexins units form nexus gap junction defect deafness neuropathy female infertitility and congenital cataracts
cancer development: mutate cadherin or integrin synthesize proteosomes and develop blood supply for metastasis
neuromelanin: black brown pigment in neurons highly stained area substantia nigra neuroprotective function
verhoeff: elastic fibers black
**glycogen storage disease: liver and striated muscle cells skeletal and cardiac shown by PAS rx carb magenta
endocytosis: require ATP and Ca macropinocytosis clathrin mediated endocytosis non coated mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis
PML promyelocytic leukemia bodies: sites of protein complex assembly and modification for DNA repair and apoptosis
phaeomealnin: red yellow pigment red to blonde hair color
cyanosis: blue fingernails problem loading oxygenc arbon monoxide poisoning red color cyanide and CO block e- transport in mito
microvili: comb like extensions striated brush border with glycocalyx have actin and villin to terminal web myosin 1 stabilize and web contain myosin 2 allows movement
secondary lysosome: formed from fusion of autophagosomes and phagosomes with primary lysosome
dehydration: use ethanol to remove water
*nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: both aquaporin 2 genes are inactivated by mutations normally expressed by renal collecting tubule cells for water reabsorption
adhesive glycoproteins: 3 binding sites integrin collage and proteoglycans
tenasin: in embryonic tissue
feulgen reaction: DNA reddish violet shows nuclear changes in cancer
lipitor: increase uptake of cholesterol by liver increase B-oxidation of FA by mito and peroxisomes so increse in number
*hemosiderosis: hemosiderin iron pigment brown due to increased absorption ex hemolytic anemia in macrophages of liver and spleen
pars fibrosa: newly transcribed rRNA with some proteins
TOM: translocator protein outer membrane permeable require SRP
Q Colchcine vs Cytochalsin: prevents MT polymerization use to arrest cells at metaphase bs inhibit polymerization of actin
chondronectin vs osteonectin: both glycoprotein cartilage vs bone
marfan syndrome: defect fibrillin 1 aortic aneurysm and myopia pectus excavatum
nondifferentiated nucleus: malignancy common well differentiated benign basophilic because phosphate groups on nucleic acids
cytoplasmic inclusions: stored food glycogen fat NOT protein and pigments exogenous and endogenous
early endosome vs late: cell periphery vs near golgi and nucleus lower PH where ligand dissociates
basement membrane: basal lamina +lamino fibrorecticularis
estrogen: anti aoptotic effect on osteoblasts loss leads to decreased cell lifespan inactivate bad by phosphorylation
interchromatin granule clusters: speckles mature snRNPs present for pre-mRNA splicing
mallory triple: used to show fibrosis nuclei red muscle red to orange *collagen blue* hyaline cartilage blue
*eosin: secretory vesicles lysosomes mitochondria and type 1 collagen stain pink bc acid
nissl: ribosomes blue
laminin and nidogen: found in basal lamina
Rosenthals fibers: glial fibillary acidic proteins astrocytes agrregates also astrocytomas form no cross links
lipid rafts: small areas where cholesterol concentrated thicker region proteins aggregate to area receptors for cell signaling signaling platform
gel-sol phases: dynamic sol fluid phase motile allows movement
tay sachs disease: sphingolipidosis accumulate lipids
drugs inhibit polymerization of MT: colchicine vinblastine and vincristine but taxol inhibits depolymerization
lamina fibroreticularis: secreted by fibroblasts fibronectin and collagen connected by anchoring filaments
*cancer and Akt: have greater concentration of cholesterol more lipid rafts used as cholesterol inhibitor induce apoptosis because less lipid rafts down regulated cell survival signaling molecule
type 1: most common dermis tendon bone and teeth defect ehlers danlos type 7 hypermobility of joints or osteogensisimperfecta spontaneous fractures
microtubules: largest 13 protofilaments composed of tubulin dimers one longitudinal other perpendicular polymerize with GTP cell division and motility also transport
*neurotoxins: SNAREprotein allow vesicle to recognize target ex botulism enter nerve terminals and destroy SNARE proteins prevents docking of neurotransmitters result braking effect on motor neurons paralysis because no trasnmssion
tau: microtubule associated protein stabilize MT defect alzheimers disease disrupt structure neurofibrillary tangles
immunocytomchemistry: direct antibody w/ tag indirect 2nd antibody w/ tag can use to detect tumor origin
nucleolus: synthesize 4 types of rRNA no membrane
lipid bilayer: 3 types of lipids mostly phospholipids trilaminar appearance from polar and nonpolar regions
parkinson disease: substantia nigra dark region is pale or gone
transitional epithelium: urothelium specialized type of stratified can change shape full pressure squaumous empty cuboidal relaxed
proteoglycans: linear chains of GAGs bound by protein core linked to hyaluronic acid proteoglycan aggregatea aggrecan syndecans and perlecan
type 4: basal lamina
rER: synthesis of proteins and enzymes and phospholipids require flip flop via scrambelase cristernae lamina ex pancreatic acinar cells
zona occuldens: have claudins for tight junction defect renal cells excessive loss of mg in urine on cytoplasmic side
ehlers danlos type 6: defect collagen weak
parkinsons disease: defective ubiquination of proteins
fixation: use formalin glutaraldyhyde preservs tissue cross link proteins
cholera: toxin specific to ZO proteins loosens tight junctions increases permeability
caspases: signal apoptosis extrinsic death receptor and caspase 8 used or intrinsic pathways cyt c release signal and caspase 9 used
*cholera toxin: negative charge gylcolipids noncytosolic lipid monolayer recpetor enters cell by binding receptor increase synthesis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate move Na and waterto intestine diarrhea
*Duchennes muscular dystrophy: due to dystrophin defect normal linker protein for structural support
epithelial cells: avascular but exception stria vascularis in cochlea is vascular
nucleolar organizer DNA: sequence of bases that code template for transcription of rRNA
type 7: anchors lamina
heart failure cells: increase fluidin lungs breakdown tissue use hemosiderin brown color
Q cytokeratin: epithelial cells acidophilic *mallory bodies* alcoholic liver disease and epidermolysis bullosa defect not connected blisters common
cardiolipin: decreased permeability of inner membrane have TIM 22 and 23
desmin vs vimentin: in striated muscle and smooth muscle vs mesodermal tissue
striations: basal infolding of plasalemma palisades arrangement ion transporting cells
Nephritis: thickened basement membrane kidney
clearing: use xylene prepares tissue for embedding
collagen: acidophilic glycine every third aa many types defect keloid scar
*multidrug resistance MDR-1: cancer cells resistant to drugs because overexpression of protein which pump agents out of cell
lamina lucida: laminin entactin integrin and dystroglycans artifact doesn't exist lving cell
lipofuscin: brown yellow pigment lipids metals and organic material accumulates in long lived cells ex neurons cardiac and skeletal cells shows stress level increase with age
terminal web: formed from actin microfilaments
lamina densa: type 4 collagen fibronectin and perlecan overexpress tumor promote angiogensis
kinesin vs dynein: toward periphery - to + vs toward nucleus + to -
classified two factors: cell layers and shape of cells also sometimes specializations
*creutzfeldt jacob disease: normal prion protein on outer surface of plasmalemma of neurons is converted to abnormal form which stiumlates other cells to change to abnormal infectious
*Dubin johnson syndrome: MDR-2 protein transports conjugated bilirubin defective in this genetic disorder
autophagic pathways: 3 macroautophagy microautophagy and chaperone accumulated wase from lipofuscin
sER: acidophilic because no ribosomes cristernae tubular steroid syntheis and phospholipids detoxification drugs storage and release ex intestinal cells of testes
perlecan: found in basement membrane also proteoglycan proliferation development and growth factor
lamin: disassembly phosphorylated assembly dephosphorylated
in situ carinoma: hasn't penetrated basal lamina
cilia: motile require ATP 9+2 pattern use dynein
brain cancer: loss of claudin defect blood brain barrier broken
nuclear pore: 8 subunits continuous with rER permeable to ions also receptormediated transport require energy
lewy bodies: halo around accumulation if neuropathy neural filaments have cross links for support
pompes disease: glycogenosis accumulate glycogen
*cardiomyopathy: thick filaments protein myosin defect
metachormatic: dye changes color ex blue to red or dark purple in prescence of structure ex mast cell
endogenous pigments: hemoglobin hemosiderin bilirubin melanin lipfuscin
glycosaminoglycans GAGs: linear polymer of disaccharides negative charge attract fluid resist compression
macula adherin: desmosome achor proteins contain cytokeratin intermediate filament and desmoglein and desmocollin part of cadherins
chromatin: basophilic hemotoxylin heterochromatin silent euchromatin active
fibronectin: binds integrin collagen heparin heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid in connective tissue
porocytosis: constitutive pathway change structure forms channel
downregulation vs upregulation: ex adipose tissue exposed to high concentration of insulin decrease number of insulin receptors vs increase number of receptors ex GnRH when hormone present
phagocytosis: mediated by receptors dependent on actin not clathrin use phagosome fuse with lysosomes
eumelanin: brown black pigment protection from UV radiation in epidermis and retina supranuclear arrangement
microfilaments: thin smallest composed of actin strucuture support movement and cytokinesis and binidng protein myosin
FISH: fluorescent in situ hybridization shows expression level ex HER2
Acid vs Base staining: acid negative charge and base positive ex nucleus - and mito +
prussian blue: used to show excessive iron accumulation in hemochromatosis blue
*osmic acid: lipids black
*trypan blue: macrophages blue living observe what it digests
cytoplasm: part of cell external to nucleus susupends orgnelles and inclusions
trilaminar appearance: heavy metal salt stains membrane high affinity for polar head and no atrraction to tails 2 electron dense regions and central lucent region
macropinocytosis: ex take up thyroglobulin by thyroid cells actin process and nonspecific ingestion
silver methods: intermediate filaments of nerve cells glial cells and reticular fibers black
GEMs gemini of cajal bodies: contain survival of motor neuron protein synthesis of snRNPs
mitochondria: acipophilic eosin stain pink elongated threadlike structures reproduce by fission
describe steps to process tissue for light microscopy: fixation dehydration clearing embedding sectioning mounting and staining
stereocilia: not microvili different elongated microvili nonmotile ex cells of ductus epididymis
*hematoxylin: RNA DNA ribosomes and rER stain blue bc basic
COP II vs COP I: used for anterograde transport from ER to cis golgi vs retrograde transport from golgi return v-snareproteins and ER proteins
caveolae mediated endocytosis: shuttle vesicle to other side
breast cancer: estrogen receptors HER2/neu epidermal growth factor receptor family overexpressed stain brown with anticytokeratin immunoperoxidase
exogenous pigments: carotene yellow orange fat soluble carrots and tomatoes also inhaled dust carbon macrophages in lungs digest and appear dark
bortezomib: inhibits proteasome used against multiple myeloma works because decrease degradation of apoptotic facotrs promotes apoptosis of cancer cells
bulbous pemphigoid: autoantibodies against type 17 collagen hemidesmosome defect
type 2: elastic slender and branched fibers shown with resorcin fushsin and verhoeff stains contain proelastin microfibril and fibrillin
bilirubin: yellow brown pigment increased in liver disease ex jaundice skin and sclera yellow
cajal bodies: snRNA get final modifications
clathrin mediated endocytosis: coated pits dynamin GTPase needed to pinch off vesicle mediated by recpetor ex cholesterol uptake adaptin used then vesicle uncoated
COPs coat proteins: coordinate movement of intracellular vesicles 2 pathways constitutive and regulated both require Ca and ATP
type 3: reticular cells reticular fibers react with silver argyrophilic and PAS ehlers danlos syndrome type 4
ground substance: hydrated fills space provides structure and diffusion contains GAGs and proteoglycans
basal lamina: lamina lucida and lamina densa regions secreted by epithelial and muscles lucida artifact not in lving state
catalase: stain appear black depositsfroms water and oxygen from hydrogen peroxide
pemphigus vulgaris: antibodies againstdesmoglein disrupts connection to skin blistering skin
phosphatidylserine: located in cytosolic lipid monolayer normal translocated to extracellular lipid monolayer marks cell for apoptosis
in situ hybridization: uses complementary nucleic acid probes to identify nuclei acid sequence ex virus hpv or specific genes ex BRCA also
pass checkpoint: with caffeine and hydroxyurea
lipid storage disease: osmic acid black or space when use lipid soluble agent in adipocytes and hepatocytes but reversible ex fatty liver
centriole: centrosome has 2 MT in 9 X 3 pattern replicate form basal bodies
Grave disease: increaed GAG ex hyaluronic acid and chondrotin sulfate in orbit excessive pressure protrude eyeball
mannose 6 phosphate: tag for lysosomal enzymes in golgi
cytokinesis: actin and myosin used contract to divide cytoplasm
NA: light collecting ability
*hemochromatosis: severe accumulation of iron due to genetic defect excessive absorption
mutations in mto DNA: alzheimers parkinson lebers hereditary optic neuropathy blindness
matrix: enzymes for B-oxidation granules affinity for Ca and Mg storage
zonula adherins: contain cateins and actin attach also cadherins
iron hemotoxylin: nuclear elements chromosomes mito centrioles and muscle striation dark blue to black
defect moncilia: polycystic kidney disease vision and hearing loss
*alzheimers disesae: B-amyloid precursor protein defect accumulate long B-amyloid form plaques resistant to proteolysis important for neuronal migration affects memory and cell adhesion
peroxisome: also perform B-oxidation help out mito when cholesterol high also syntheis of plasmalogens found in myelin defect affects nerve cells
cytosol: part of cytoplasm without organelles and inclusions usually 55% of volume and 20% proteins metabolic rx's occur here
*PAS reaction: carbohydrates magenta used in glycogen storage disease and alpha antitrypsin deficiency in liver cells
embedding: fill tissuewith paraffin to make it hard to allow sectioning
pars granulosa: maturing subunits of rRNA
albino: no eumelanin because tyrosinase not functional but increased if addisons disease
**kartagener syndrome: immotile cilia because defect or no dynein male sterile and bronchiectasis also can't clear mucous infection common primary ciliary dyskinesia
Golgi: appear pale in hematoxylin eosin staining because no ribosomes cis convex toward ER trans concave
*atherosclerosis: defect when there is decrease in LDL receptors

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