Gastro/Urinary
Terms
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- urinary retention
- retention of urine caused by an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction
- ketonuria
- presence of ketone bodies in the urine
- ile/o
- ileum
- lower GI series, barium enema
- x-ray of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium
- bacteri/o
- bacteria
- diverticulitis
- inflammation of diverticula
- pyeloplasty
- surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis
- cheilitis
- inflammation of the lip
- glomerul/o
- glomerulus
- calicies (calyces)
- ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis
- lips
- fleshy structures surrounding the mouth
- uvula
- small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate
- halitosis
- bad breath (halitus=breath)
- or/o, stomat/o
- mouth
- polyposis
- multiple polyps in the intestine and rectum with a high potential for becoming malignant
- albumin (alb) test, protein test
- chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine
- gastroenteritis
- inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
- kidneys
- two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine
- cholecystitis
- inflammation of the gallbladder
- hernia
- protrusion of a part from its normal location
- analgesic
- drug the relieves pain
- sigmoidoscopy
- examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope
- pyelonephritis
- inflammation of the renal pelvis
- bacteriuria
- presence of bacteria in the urine
- proctitis
- inflammation of the rectum and anus
- kidney, ureter, bladder
- abdominal x-ray of kidney, ureter, and bladder typically used as a scout film before doing an IVP
- gastric lavage
- oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and treatment such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or monitor bleeding
- urethrocystitis
- inflammation of the urethra and bladder
- hepatitis
- inflammation of the liver
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- a backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus
- eructation
- belch
- nephrotomy
- incision into the kidney
- glossitis
- inflammation of the tongue
- cholecystectomy
- excision of the gallbladder
- urethral stenosis
- narrowed condition of the urethra
- inguinal regions
- lower lateral groin regions
- extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
- procedure using ultrasound outside the body to bombard the disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder
- large intestine
- larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation
- hepatitis B
- inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids
- nasogastric intubation
- insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis
- sigmoid colon
- portion of the colon (resembling an S) that terminates at the rectum
- medulla
- inner part of the kidney
- glomerulus
- little ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron
- cholangitis
- inflammation of the bile ducts
- glossorrhaphy
- suture of the tongue
- constipation
- infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass (constipo=to press together)
- steat/o
- fat
- defecation
- evacuation of feces from the rectum
- hemorrhoid
- swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois= a vein likely to bleed)
- cortex
- outer part of the kidney
- esophagus
- muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach
- py/o
- pus
- appendic/o
- appendix
- ureter/o
- ureter
- gastric ulcer
- ulcer located in the stomach
- nitrite test
- chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine
- anuria
- absense of urine formation
- flatulence
- gas in the stomach or intestines (flatus=a blowing)
- nocturia
- urination at night
- urologic endoscopic surgery
- use of specialized endoscopes within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, placement of a stent, etc.
- PUD
- peptic ulcer disease
- HBV
- hepatitis B virus
- RP
- retrograde pyelogram
- cholelithotomy
- an incision for removal of gallstones
- bilirubin test
- chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease
- hypochondriac regions
- upper lateral regions beneath the ribs
- antispasmodic
- drug that relieves spasm
- aphagia
- inability to swallow
- computed tomography of abdomen
- cross-sectional x-ray of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract
- sonography
- ultrasound imaging
- abdominal sonogram
- ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder
- esophagoscopy
- examination of the esophagus with an esophagoscope
- urinary tract infection
- incasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise
- oliguria
- scanty production of urine
- endoscopy
- examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or treatment
- cheil/o
- lip
- vermiform appendix
- wormlike projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help resist infection (vermi=worms)
- laparoscopic surgery
- abdominal surgery using a laparoscope
- radiography
- x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract
- melana
- dark colored, tarry stool caused by old blood
- dysuria
- painful urination
- albumin/o
- protein
- pancreas
- gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food
- anal fistulectomy
- excision of an anal fistula
- gastrectomy
- partial or complete removal of the stomach
- nephrectomy
- excision of a kidney
- small intestine
- tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach
- gloss/o, lingu/o
- tongue
- gastroenterostomy
- formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of a gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine
- bil/i, chol/e
- bile
- nephrosis
- degenerative disease of the renal tubules
- feces
- waste formed by absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid
- cheiloplasty
- repair of the lip
- laparoscopy
- examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope, often including interventional surgical procedures
- anorexia
- loss of appetite (orexia=appetite)
- polyp
- tumor on a stalk
- pancreat/o
- pancreas
- glossectomy
- excisioin of the tongue
- gallbladder
- receptacle that stores and concentrates the bile produced in the liver
- Bowman's capsule
- the top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus
- microscopic findings
- microscopic identification of abnormal constituents present in the urine; reported per high or low power field
- peritoneoscopy
- examination of the peritoneal cavity with a peritoneoscope, often performed to examine the liver and obtain a biopsy specimen
- gastr/o
- stomach
- dysphagia
- difficulty in swallowing
- uremia, azotemia
- excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure
- IVP
- intravenous pyelogram
- sialoadenitis
- inflammation of a salivary gland
- ulcerative colitis
- chronic inflammation of the colon along with ulcerations
- buccal
- in the cheek
- pharynx
- throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and air traveling to the larynx
- cardiac sphincter
- opening from the esophagus to the stomach (sphincter=band)
- UA
- urinalysis
- anal fistula
- an abnormal tubelike passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula=pipe)
- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
- endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
- antibiotic
- drug that kils or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
- enteritis
- inflammation of the small intestine
- laparotomy
- incision into the abdomen
- creatinine, serum
- test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood, useful in assessing kidney function
- incontinence
- involuntary discharge of urine or feces
- noncontinent ileal conduit
- removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening created in the abdomen-urine drains continually into an external appliance
- hepatitis C
- inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus, transmitted by exposure to infected blood (rarely contracted sexually)
- steatorrhea
- feces containing fat
- kidney dialysis
- methods of filtering impurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure
- diverticulosis
- presence of diverticula in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the bowel
- NG
- nasogastric
- sial/o
- saliva
- ileitis
- inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine
- cyst/o
- bladder or sac
- cystitis
- inflammation of the bladder
- peritone/o
- peritoneum
- dyspepsia
- indigestion (pepsis=digestion)
- choledocholithotomy
- an incision of the common bile duct for extracion of gallstones
- icterus, jaundice
- yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice=yellow)
- palate
- structure that forms the roof of the mouth, divided into the hard and soft palate
- GERD
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- urinalysis
- physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of the urine
- colon
- portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum, identified by direction or shape
- renal tubule
- the stem portion of the nephron
- creatinine
- waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine
- anastomosis
- union of two hollow vessels, a technique of bowel surgery
- gastritis
- inflammation of the stomach
- pyloric stenosis
- a narrowed condition of the pylorus
- omentum
- an extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs
- pancreatectomy
- excision of the pancreas
- dysentery
- inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, bloody stools, most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (e.g. amebic dysentery)
- HAV
- hepatitis A virus
- gastroscopy
- examination of the stomach with a gastroscope
- umbilical hernia
- protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)
- hemorrhoidectomy
- excision of hemorrhoids
- renal pelvis
- the basinlike portion of the ureter within the kidney
- orthotopic bladder neobladder
- bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing "natural" voiding
- polypectomy
- excision of polyps
- nephrolithiasis
- presence of a renal stone or stones
- nephrorrhaphy
- suture of an injured kidney
- inguin/o
- groin
- renal angiogram, arteriogram
- x-ray of the renal artery made after injectin gcontrast material into a catheter in the artery
- kidney transplantation, renal transplantation
- transfer of a kidney from the body of one person to another
- urinary stress incontinence
- involuntary discharge of urine with coughing, sneezing, or strained exercisee
- proctoscopy
- examination of the rectum and anus with a proctoscope
- nephr/o, ren/o
- kidney
- pyloric sphincter
- opening from the stomach into the duodenum
- glucose (sugar)
- chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine; used most often to screen for diabetes
- appendectomy
- excision of a diseased appendix
- blood urea nitrogen
- blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the kidney's inability to excrete urea
- meat/o
- opening
- hyperbilirubinemia
- excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood
- ket/o, keton/o
- ketone bodies
- urinary diversion
- creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or disease such as bladder cancer
- UTI
- urinary tract infection
- umbilical region
- region of the navel
- col/o, colon/o
- colon
- rect/o
- rectum
- hydronephrosis
- pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine
- voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram
- x-ray of the bladder and urethra taken during urination
- cyst/o, vesic/o
- bladder or sac
- gingivitis
- inflammation of the gums
- lumbar regions
- middle lateral regions
- nephron
- microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each capable of forming urine
- duodenum
- first portion of the small intestine
- continent urostomy
- an internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine which diverts urine through an opening that is brought through the abdomial wall- a valve is created internally to prevent leakage and the patient empties the pouch by catheterization
- cathartic
- drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative
- intracorporeal lithotripsy
- method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using electrical energy discharges transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize stones
- esophagitis
- inflammation of the esophagus
- hiatal hernia
- protrusion of part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm
- colonoscopy
- examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope
- hepatitis A
- infectous inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus, usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water
- urethra
- single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body
- occult blood test, urine test
- chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys
- nephritis
- inflammation of the kidney
- diverticulum
- an abnormal side pocket in the gastrointestinal tract usually related to lack of dietary fiber
- peritoneum cavity
- space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
- urine culture and sensitivity
- isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified along with drugs to which they are sensitive
- incarcerated hernia
- hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction
- stool culture and sensitivity
- isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to identify disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed
- glomerulonephritis
- form of nephritis involving the glomerulus
- sigmoid/o
- sigmoid colon (resembles s)
- oral cavity, mouth
- cavity that receives food for digestion
- choledocholithiasis
- presence of stones in the common bile ducts
- teeth
- hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food
- ketones test
- chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs in starvation or in an uncontrolled diabetic state
- colitis
- inflammation of the colon (large intestine)
- appendicitis
- inflammation of the appendix
- cheeks
- lateral walls of the mouth
- cystoscopy
- examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexble cystoscope
- ureteropelvic junction
- point of connection between the renal pelvis and ureter
- cholelithiasis
- presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
- esophag/o
- esophagus
- ascending colon
- portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum
- albuminuria, proteinuria
- presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise
- esophagoplasty
- repair of the esophagus
- anus
- opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
- ERCP
- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
- proct/o
- anus and rectum
- bucc/o
- cheek
- herni/o
- hernia
- hilum
- indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave
- tongue
- muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrance and held down by a bandlike membrane known as the frenulum
- hepat/o, hepatic/o
- liver
- peptic ulcer disease
- a sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gastrointestinal system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria (pept/=to digest)
- incidental appendectomy
- removal of the appendix during abdominal surgery for another procedure
- lith/o
- stone
- stent placement
- use of a device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes
- pyuria
- presense of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection
- doch/o
- duct
- ileostomy
- surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ileal discharges, performed after removal of the colon such as to treat chronic inflammation bowel diseasessuch as ulcerative colitis
- gums
- tissue covering the processes of the jaws
- creatinine clearance testing
- measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate that creatinine is "cleared" from the blood by the kidneys
- hematuria
- presense of blood in the urine
- sublingual, hypoglossal
- under the tongue
- liver
- organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion
- barium swallow
- x-ray of the esophagus only, often used to locate swallowed objects
- jejunum
- second portion of the small intestine
- urinary bladder
- sac that holds the urine
- abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o
- abdomen
- cecum
- first part of the large intestine
- diarrhea
- frequent loose or liquid stools
- -emesis
- vomiting
- abdominocentesis, paracentesis
- puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid; e.g., fluid accumulated in ascites
- lith/o
- stone
- jejun/o
- jejunum (empty)
- ascites
- an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ascos=bag)
- esophageal varices
- swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage
- antispasmodic
- drug the decreases motility in gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea
- rectal ampulla
- dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal
- laparoscopic cholecystectomy
- excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope
- ketone bodies, ketone compounds
- acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation
- biopsy
- removal and microscopic study of tissue
- ur/o, urin/o
- urine
- enter/o
- small intestine
- gastric resection
- partial removal or repair of the stomach
- nocturnal enuresis
- bedwetting during sleep
- nephrolithotomy
- incision into the kidney for the removal of stones
- fluoroscopy
- x-ray using a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion
- dips/o
- thirst
- anuresis
- inability to pass urine
- hematemesis
- vomiting blood
- urethr/o
- urethra
- dent/i
- teeth
- VCU, VCUG
- voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram
- peritoneum
- membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity, consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)
- urea
- waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
- excisional Bx
- removal of an entire lesion for pathological examination
- duoden/o
- duodenum
- cholangiogram
- x-ray of the bile ducts, often performed during surgery
- pH
- measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine
- urobilinogen test
- chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine-increased amounts seen in gallbladder and liver disease
- hemodialysis
- method of removing impurities by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine
- hepatic lobectomy
- excision of a lobe of the liver
- parotiditis, parotitis
- mumps; inflammation of the parotid gland
- salivary glands
- three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: the parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and sublingual glands
- ankyloglossia
- a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum (ankyl/o=crooked or stiff)
- strangulated hernia
- hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous
- intravenous pyelogram, intravenous urogram
- x-rays of the urinary tract taken after an iodine contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma, etc.
- pancreatitis
- inflammation of the pancreas
- inguinal hernia
- protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region
- rectum
- distal (end) portion of the large intestine
- retrograde pyelogram
- x-ray of the ureters, bladder, and kidney taken after contrast medium is administered backward through a small catheter through a cystoscope to detect the presence of stones, obstruction, etc.
- antiemetic
- drug that prevents or stops vomiting
- scout film
- plain x-ray taken to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging
- pylor/o
- pylorus (gatekeeper)
- hepatomegaly
- enlargement of the liver
- duodenal ulcer
- ulcer located in the duodenum
- volvulus
- twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction (volvo= to roll)
- abdominal sonogram
- ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures
- specific gravity
- measure of the concentration or dilation of urine
- cholecystogram
- x-ray of the gallbladder taken after oral ingestion of iodine
- pyel/o
- basin
- colostomy
- creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructions
- diuretic
- drug that increases the secretion of urine
- intussusception
- prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus=within; suscipiens=to take up)
- enuresis
- involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control
- hypogastric region
- region below the navel
- HCV
- hepatitis C virus
- phag/o
- eat or swallow
- kidney biopsy, renal biopsy
- removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination
- small bowel series
- x-ray examination of the small intestine, generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series
- gluc/o, glyc/o
- sugar
- herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty
- repair of a hernia
- nausea
- feeling of sick in the stomach
- antacid
- drug that neutralizes stomach acid
- transverse colon
- portion of colon that extends across from the ascending colon
- upper GI series
- x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the patient has swallowed a contrast medium
- peritoneal dialysis
- method of removing impurities using the peritoneneum as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid that is washed in and out in cycles
- incisional Bx
- removal of a portion of a lesion for pathological examination
- biliary ducts
- ducts that convey bily, include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts
- urine
- fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products
- urethral meatus
- opening in the urethra to the outside of the body
- KUB
- kidney, ureter, bladder
- stomatitis
- inflammation of the mouth
- stomach
- saclike organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus
- hematochezia
- red blood in stool (chezo=defecate)
- epigastric region
- upper middle region below the sternum
- creatinine, urine
- test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine
- resectoscope
- urologic endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect (cut and remove) lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate
- ureter
- the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
- descending colon
- portion of the colon that extends down from the transverse colon
- stool occult blood study
- a chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the GI tract
- peritonitis
- inflammation of the peritoneum
- gingiv/o
- gum
- an/o
- anus
- ileum
- third portion of the small intestine
- endoscopic sonography
- an endoscopic procedure using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to examine a body cavity and make sonographic images of structures and tissues
- cirrhosis
- chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho=yellow)
- upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
- examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope; also called esophagogastroduodenoscopy or panendoscopy
- SpGr
- specific gravity
- proctoplasty
- repair of the anus and rectum
- urethritis
- inflammation of the urethra