Middle East Terms
Terms
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- Seljuk Turks
- .
- Muhammad
- late 6th century; Islamic Leader/founder of Islam: first merchant, then prophet of Islam, spread his teachings/"missionary" then ded followers to Medina
- Jesus of Nazareth
- .
- Mecca
- holy place for Islam, where you pray to, holy city of Muhammad
- Essenes
- members of an ascetic Jewish sect that existed in ancient Palestine from the second century BC ot the second century AD
- Apostles
- leader or teacher of a new faith or movement
- Six Pillars of Faith
- 1-belief in one God. 2-belief in angels. 3-belief in Divine books. 4-belief ij the prophets. 5-belief in the Last Judgment. 6-belief in Divine desiny.
- Clergy
- the body of the people, such as priests who perform the sacred functions of the church
- Janissaries
- .
- Yahweh
- the name of the God of the Jews or the people of Isreal, as preserved in the original consonantal Hebrew Bible text
- Shah
- .
- Sultan
- .
- Hadith
- collection of teachings of muhammad
- Medina
- where Muhammad preached and brought followers
- Arabs
- traveling people who lived throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia/Middle East, first followers of Islam
- Sharia
- Islamic law which interprets Quran into everyday life
- Baptism
- .
- Allah
- the one god of Islam, arabic word for god
- Archbishop
- a bishop of the highest rank who presides over an archbishopric or archdiocese
- Sumerians
- of or relating to ancient Sumer or its people, language, or culture
- Quran
- holy book of Islam
- Pharisees
- members of a an ancient Jewish sect that emphasized strict interpretation and observance of the Mosaic law in both its oral and written form.
- Ottoman Empire
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- Augustine of Hippo
- greatest of early church scholars -- Augustine bishop of Hippo, in North America.
- Safavid Empire
- .
- Paul of Tarsus
- .
- Bedouins
- nomadic Arabs who live in the desert
- Synagogue
- a building or place of meeting for worship and religious instruction in the Jewish faith
- Talmud
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- Islam
- monotheistic religion based on the word of god sent to Muhammad; literally means "to submit to god"
- Judaism
- the monotheistic religion of the Jews, tracing its origins to Abraham and having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Hebrew Scriptures and the Talmud
- Monotheism
- the doctrine or belief that there is only one God
- Bishop
- high-ranking church official with authority over a local area, or diocese
- Peter
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- Sufis
- .
- Ulama
- body of Islamic scholars
- Mosque
- muslim house of worship
- The Western Wall
- a remnant of the retaining wall that underlay the second Temple in Jerusalem. The Western Wall is now a site of pilgrinage, lamentation, and prayer by Jews
- Surah
- core teachings of Islam, chapter of Muslim's holy book
- Muslim
- follower of Islam
- Trinity
- the union of three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Ghost) in one Godhead, or the threefold personality of the one Divine Being.
- Abu Bakr
- .
- Sunna
- collection of works of Muhammad, how to live
- Cuneiform
- system of writing, symbols not pictographs
- Prophet
- spiritual leaders-god spoke to/through them to the other people
- Sunni
- .
- Babylonian Captivity
- the period from the fall of Jerusalem (586 BC) to the reconstruction in Palestine of a new Jewish state (after 538 BC)
- Persian Empire
- a vast empire of southwest Asia founded by Cyrus II after 546 BC and brought to the height of its power and glory by Darius I and his son Xerxes
- .Suleiman the Magnificent
- .
- Caliphate
- successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the muslims
- Heresy
- beliefs said to be contrary to official Church teachings, also caused division.
- Egypt
- a country of northeast Africa and the Sinai Peninsula on the Mediterranean Sea
- Phoenicians
- a Semitic people from the eastern Mediterranean renowned as traders in later prehistory, erroneously credited with many wondrous exploits around the world
- Kaaba
- most sacred shrine of Islam in Mecca
- Messiah
- the promised and expected deliverer of the Jewish people
- Hammurabi's Code
- a comprehensive set of laws, considered by many scholars to be the oldest established, that were handed down four thousand years ago by King Hammurabi of Babylon
- Diaspora
- the spreading of Jews beyond their historic homeland
- Dogma
- a system of principles or tenets, as of a church
- Umma
- community of faithful in Islam
- Martyr
- one who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty for refusing to renounce their religion
- Hijra
- journey from Mecca to Medina in 622
- Zealots
- members of a Jewish movement of the first century AD that fought against Roman rule in Palestine as incompatible with strict monotheism
- Mesopatamia
- region between Tigris and Euphrates
- Torah
- a scroll of parchment containing the first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures, used in a synagogue during services
- Covenant
- a promise in an indenture or any other formal debt agreement, that certain activities will or will not be carried out
- Sadducees
- members of a priestly, aristocratic Jewish sect founded in the second century BC that accepted only written Mosaic law and that ceased to exist after the destruction of the Temple in AD 70
- Jihad
- effort in god's services
- Five Pillars of Practive
- obligatory practices, they are: 1. Shahada-profession of faith ("There is no God but God and Muhammad is his messenger.") 2. Salat-five prayers each day (must face Mecca; pray at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and nightfall) 3. Zakat-almsgiving (2.5% of assets are given to charity) 4. Sawm-fasting during the month of Ramadan from sunup to sundown 5. Hajj-the pilgrimage to Mecca (should be completed atleast once)
- Zoroastrianism
- the religious system founded by Zoroaster and set fourth in the Avesta, teaching the worship of Ahura Mazda in the context of a universal struggle between the forces of light and of darkness
- Apocalyptic Thought
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- Umayyad
- .
- Abraham
- three world religions honor Abraham as their ancient patriarch and a model of faith in one God
- Rabbi
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- Abbasid
- .
- Shah Abbas
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- Moses
- the most important figure in Judiasm, Moses parted the Red Sea to free his people and brought them the Ten Commandments on stone tablets
- New Testament
- the collection of the books of the Bible that were produced by the early Christian church, comprising the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles, and the Revelation of St. John the Divine