Virtue Ethics
Terms
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- Kant believes we can or cannot rank moral laws?
- Cannot
- Prudence
- practical wisdom
- Two types of Virtue:
- Intellectual and Moral
- Actions are good in proportion (according to Utilitarianism)
- in the amount of happiness they promote or bad in unhappiness
- 3 ways to identify a virtuous person:
- intellecutal virute, behave in sake of doing right thing, take pleasure from right thing
- Eudamonia
- Highest end; achieved by rational activity in virtue
- Commutative Justice
- contracts/ promises outside of public process, fairness of exchange
- Categorical Imperative
- ethical standard of Kantian ethics used to determind legitimate rules or moral laws that ought to guide actions
- Keenan Self Care=
- unique, relates to self
- Strangers No Longer: Principle 2
- Persons have the right to migrate to support themselves and their families: church recognizes that all goods of the earth belong to all people, if persons cant find work in own homeland have the right to move and ifnd work other places
- Negative Right
- oblight other people to refrain from doing something; free from interference from others
- Strangers No Longer: Principle 5
- The human dignity and human rights of undocumented migrants should be respected: should not be subject to punitive laws and harsh treatment
- Kant believes moral laws are connected to
- Reason
- Ethical Justifications of Punishment:4
- Rehabilitative: means to correct offender, therapeutic model
- Natural Law (Aquinas)
- ordinace of reason for the common good, made by who cares for the community and promulgates it
- Distributive Justice
- all persons have a share in goods that are between persons and public
- Virtue has to do with...how one live or specific actions?
- How one lives
- Kant on punishment
- Not concerned with consequences, restibution only=equality
- Ethical Justifications of Punishment:2
- Deterrence: intended to fighten others from committing similar crime
- Fortitude
- irascible passion- desire concerning something to overcome
- Singer: Immigration
- Insiders and Outsiders: how do you choose who to allow into the shelter, singer says take all- we owe refuge to those who leave due to persecution, and should be no distinction between them and us
- Catholic Social teaching is concerned with those who are...
- marginalized and excluded from participation in society
- Strangers No Longer: Principle 3
- Sovereign Nations have the right to controlt their borders: can control their territories but not when it is for the purpose of acquiring wealth. More powerful nations haveobligation to accomodate migration flows
- Keenan Fidelity=
- specific, relates to specific others
- Ethical Justifications of Punishment:1
- Retribution: returning like for like
- Economic Justice for all
- economy can never be divorced from human dignity, our concern has to be for those below the minimum human dignity,all persons with the ability to contribute must do so, defends right to unionize
- Aquinas virtue ethics foundation...
- Cardinal Virtues
- Forgiveness and Mercy: Moore
- doesnt like utilitarianism, forgiveness is an attitude from injured to injurere, mercy is an action, judges cannot be merciful since part of institution
- Eudamonia was supported by:
- Aristotle
- Common Good
- Good of the individual is inseparable from the good of the community of which he is a part
- Kant believe you should act towards others in a way that treats them as...
- ends and not means
- 4 Cardinal Virtues:
- Prudence, Justice, Temperance,Fortitude
- Keenan Prudence=
- practial wisdom, assigns proper means to achieve virtuous ends
- 4 type of Natural Law
- divine- scripture and revelation
- Aristotle believes virtue is
- mean between excess vice and deficiency vice
- Kant believes rules should be three things:
- consistent, universalizable and morally equal
- Solidarity
- thinking, discover human interdependence and develop mutual relationships to transform society
- Kant Ethics
- Ethics primarily concerned with relationships, ideal relationship is one of care
- Temperance
- conducible passions- desires lead us to right
- Weiner: Immigration
- no absolute justice in public policy; consequences not intentions-utilitarians,realm of morality is consequences, skeptical because many policies have good intentions but bad consequences
- People must be treated as _____ and not____
- ends, means
- Substantive Justice
- result has an end state, minimum must be achieved if people are below minimum, concern to raise all persons above minimum
- Birch Ethics: 3 Elements of Ethical Caring
- apprehending(empathy, reality), engrossment(present), motivational displacement (willing other's good), parents child relationship(natural caring and longing to connect to someone)
- Intellectual Virtue comes from...
- teaching, practical wisdom
- Solidarity,Compassion,Hospitality traits:
- attentive to suffering of others,suffering is morally relevant, related to justice
- Hollenbach beleives one must _________ in society
- participation in social/politcal arena is necessary to be happy and birtuous
- 3 type of Natural Law
- human- man made legislation
- Act and Rule Utilitarianism believes actions are good and bad according to...
- the tendency they have to augment or diminish the pleasure or happiness fo the parties whose interest are in question
- Compassion
- feeling,notice peoples suffering and learn to respond, directed at specific individuals
- Utilitarians are concerned with______ of pleasure
- quality
- Keenan Justice=
- general, relates to everyone
- Hospitality
- Action, sharing more than giving
- First Precept of Natural Law...
- Do good and avoid evil
- Strangers No Longer: Principle 1
- Persons have the right to find opportunites in their homeland: equal economic,political,social opportunites and achieve life through God given gifts
- For Utiliartians, happiness is the ultimate..
- end
- Strangers No Longer: Principle 4
- Refugees and asylum speakers should be afforded protection: those who flee war and persection should be protected, and should claim refugee status without incarceration
- Keenan's Cardinal Virtues
- Justice, Fidelity, Self Care, Prudence
- Vogt: Catholic Social Teaching
- Given covenental aspect of our relationships, we must reflect on who we are- converned with the formating of virtues that give us justice and common good
- Contract
- artificially created and maintained by external power, can expier
- Kant believes one should act from...
- personal rules that you can will to be moral laws
- Three Theological Virtues
- Hope,Faith,Charity
- To determine good/bad actions according to Utilitarianism....
- 1. identify consequences and seperate them as harms and benefits 2. durations must be considered 3. certainty of consequence 4. immediate harm is worse 5. will it produce future benefits? 6.# of ppl affected
- Ethical Justifications of Punishment:3
- Expressive: used to reinforce values of society
- Ethical Justifications of Punishment:5
- Incapacitation: incarcerations keeps offender from creating more crimes
- How do we recieve Theological virtues?
- by participating in faith, God bestows them upon us
- Global Egalitarianism
- ?
- 3 levels of inclination of natural law
- Common to substances(continue to exist), animals(procreat and care for young), humans(live in community, know God)
- Positive Right
- impose obligation on others to do somethings; oppurtunity to fulfills ones potential
- Contributive Justice
- institutionalize patterns of mutual action
- 2 type of Natural Law
- natural- human participation of eternal law is specific to rational beings
- Moral Virtue comes from...
- habit
- Teleology
- to be virtuous one must work towards a goal that is set at the highest end
- 1 type of Natural Law
- eternal- ordiance of divine reason, outside our realization
- Procedural Justice
- we must come together and not know where we stand in society, must be no end view
- Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
- Pre Conventional, Conventional, Post Conventional
- Catholic Social Teaching:Hollenbach believes humans are...
- social/political animals
- Two Fold Happiness
- Something we can obtain, and only be obtain by grace of God
- Principle of Subsidiarity says...
- nothing should be done by larger and more complex organizations that can be done as well by smaller ones, all should be performed by decentralized entities
- Covenant
- mutual recognition of common identity, cannot expire
- Mill on punishment
- social utility, desire for punishment is not moral, if punshiment doess not benefit society than is not moral