Crim Final

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

Political Crime: -Illegal acts that are designed to undermine an existing government and threaten its survival.

-These type of crimes can be violent and nonviolent acts.
The goals of political crime: -Intimidation
-Revolution
-Profit
-Conviction
-Pseudo-conviction
Treason: - an act of disloyalty to one\'s nation or state.
-only crime defined in constitution.
-\"______ against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of ______ unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.\"
People who have committed treason.: -Tomoya Kawakita
-Adam Gadhan
Espionage: -The practice of obtaining information about a government, organization, or society that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information
\"sovereign citizens\" movement: -a growing group of extremist who view themselves as citizens separate from the united state
- often do not pay taxes or recognize laws as legal
- Estimated 100,000
State political crime: -Political crimes committed by people who are state authorities against the people they are supposed to serve.
Five components of state political crime.: -political corruption
-illegal domestic surveillance
-human rights violations
-state violence
-state-corporate crime
Ticking time bomb scenario: -Suppose the government found out that a captured terrorist knew the whereabouts of a dangerous explosive device that was set to go off and kill thousands of innocent people.
-Would it be permissible to engage in the use of torture on this single suspect if it would save the population of the city?
Terrorism: -to be considered _____ an act must carry with it the intent to disrupt and change the government and must not be merely a common-law crime committed for greed or egotism.
-a political crime
-the illegal use of force against innocent people to achieve a political objective.
Insurgent: -the typical goal of insurgency is to confront the existing government from control of all or portion of its territory, or force political concession in sharing political power.
-while terrorists may operate in small bands with a narrow focus, insurgents represent a popular movement and may also seek external support from other nations to bring pressure on the government.
Guerrilla: -\"little war\"
-used by insurgents
-armed military bonds, typically located in rural areas, that attack military, police, and government officials in an effort to destabilize the existing government.
Revolutionary: -generally seen as a civil war fought between nationalists and a sovereign power that holds control of the land, or between the existing government and local groups over issues of ideology and power.
Religious roots in the history of terrorism: - the first terrorist activities were committed by members of minority religious groups who engaged in violence to:
-gain the right to practice their own form of religion
-establish the supremacy of their own religion over others
-meet the requirements of the blood-thirsty gods they worshiped

Examples:
-zealots- Hebrew warrior groups that were active during the Roman occupation of Palestine during the first century C.E.
-Assassins \"hashish-eaters\"- a reference to the commonly held belief that gang members engaged in acts of ritual intoxication and smoked hashish just prior to undertaking their missions; Muslim Order of the Assassins.
Political roots in the history of terrorism: -When rulers had absolute power, terrorist acts were viewed as one of the only means of gaining political rights.
-Reign of Terror- use of the word terrorism began
-many terrorist activities with political roots occurred throughout the 20th century. Example: Russia
-increase in terrorism following World War II.
Revolutionary terrorists: -use violence to frighten those in power and their supporters in order to replace the existing government with a regime that holds acceptable political or religious views.
-kidnapping, assassination, and bombings carried out to bring government crackdown.
-then try to paint government action in negative light.
Example of revolutionary terrorism.: -Jemaah Islamiyah: an Indonesian terrorist organization aligned with AL-Qaeda, is believed to be intent on driving away foreign tourist and ruining the nation\'s economy so they can usurp the government and set up a pan-Islamic nation in Indonesia and neighboring Malaysia.
Political terrorists: direct attacks against those who disagree with their political ideology.
Right-wing political groups: The Aryan Nation and the Ku Klux Klan
Left-wing political groups: Black Panther Party and Students for a Democratic Society
Nationalist Terrorism: -promotes the interest of a minority, ethnic, or religious group that believes it has been persecuted under majority rule and wishes to carve out its own independent homeland
- Basque Fatherland and Liberty in Spain
-Palestinian Liberation Organization in Palestine.
Retributive terrorism: -want to impose their social and religious code on others
- unique characteristics
-violence is uses as a method of influencing, persuasion, or intimidation
-victims are usually selected for their maximum propaganda value; usually ensuring a high degree of media coverage
-unconventional military tactics are used
state-sponsored terrorism: -occurs when a repressive government regime forces its citizens into obedience, oppresses minorities, and stifles political dissent.
- this term is also often use to classify governments that land support to known terrorist organizations.
Cult terrorism: cult groups whose leaders demand that followers prove their loyalty through violence or intimidation
Example of cult terrorism: Aum Shinrikyo: a radical religious cult that set off poison gas in a Tokyo subway killing 12 and injuring more than 3,000. The cult members found modern society too complex to understand, with few clear-cut goals and values.
criminal terrorism: illegal activities become so profitable that they replace the group\'s original focus.
Psychological view on what motivates a terrorist: -an emotionally disturbed individual who acts out his or her psychoses withing the confines of violent groups
- the view that terrorists suffer psychological abnormality is quite controversial.
-no terrorist personality
-mental illness is not a critical factor in explaining terrorist behavior.
socialization/friendship view on what motivates a terrorist: tight bonds of family and friendship encouraged them to join terror groups.
religious/ideological view on what motivates a terrorist: extreme religious and/or ideological beliefs that prompt their behavior
alienation view on what motivates a terrorist.: lack of economic opportunity and recessionary economies are positively correlated with terrorism.
explaining state terrorism -conformists: highly susceptible to unquestioning submission to authority; want to be part of a central group and are quite willing.
explaining state terrorism - vulnerable to dehumanizing ideology: they dehumanize their targets and distance themselves psychologically from their targets

Nazi Germany: Jews as subhuman

Stalin: victims were viewed as state enemies who were trying to undermine the Communist regime.
Occasional thieves: crime is not their occupation

typically juvenile and the opportunity presented itself

no criminal identity
Professional thieves: make a significant portion of their income from crime

pocket-picking, burglary, shoplifting, forgery and counterfeiting, extortion, sneak theft, and confidence swindling
the fence: earns his or her living by buying and reselling stolen merchandise
a successful fence: meets the following conditions
-upfront cash
-knowledge of dealing-learning the ropes
-connections with suppliers of stolen goods
-connections with buyers
complicity with law enforcers
Professional cargo thieves: usually highly organized
- specialists- steal the vehicle
-lumpers- physically move the merchandise
- other thieves, fences- unload stolen goods

they hit stuff with small products that are high priced. Examples: Ipods, Ipads
Larceny: intentional taking of a property with intent to deprive them of that property.
Petit Larceny (petty larceny): involves small amounts of money or property and is punished by a misdemeanor
Grand larceny: involves merchandise of greater value, is a felony punished by a sentence in the state prison.
constructive possession: temporary possession; if kept considered larceny.
larceny/theft: likely most common criminal offense

approximately million a year in U.S.

9% decline over last decade

Average loss $864
Shoplifting: common form of larceny involving taking goods from retail stores

total national loss estimated $37 billion
Shoplifting amateurs: steal for own use; impulsive
shoplifting professional: also known as booster

about 10%

income comes from shoplifting

resell merchandise to pawn shops and fences
shoplifting prevention strategies: target hardening
-locking in place, sensors

dummy goods

merchandise missing parts and completely assembled when paid for.
Bad checks: study by Edwin Lemert: amateurs who do not believe thier actions will hurt anyone

identified multiple types of check forgers:

naive check forgers most numerous.

systematic forgers: make a substantial living by passing bad checks.
credit card theft: most work of amateurs
-physically stolen cards

however, there are some sophisticated organized groups
-fake websites
-skimming: what el mariachis does. Steal information of the card while purchasing something. Makes an identical card.
auto theft: 800,000 per year
which cars are taken most?: 2007-2009 Cadillac Escalade, luxury SUV, Ford F-250 crew pickup, Infiniti G37 luxury car, and Dodge Charger with HEMI engine.
amateur auto thieves: joy riding
short-term transportation
long-term transportation
profit
commission of another crime
Professional car thieves: car cloning
car jacking
False pretense or fraud -Def: a type of theft utilizing the misrepresentation of facts in an attempt to get the victim to willingly give up their property.
False pretense or fraud -confidence games: an attempt to cheat or defraud a person after gaining their confidence.
Pigeon game: according to book the most common confidence game

something containing money is found by a con artist. That person then asks a passing victim advice on what to do, since their is no identification. Another con artist shows up and enters the discussion. The three decide to split the money but to make sure everything is legal one of the con artist go consult a lawyer. That person returns and says the money can be split up but each party must prove they are financially stable so they can reimburse the money if the original owner shows up. The victim is then asked to give some good-faith money for the lawyer to hold. When the victim goes to pick the money up, they find out the address was a bogus and the money is gone.
other variants of fraud: \"contractor\"- fake contractor claims there are bogus repairs needed to fix your house.

third party fraud- insurance

auto accident fraud- a person causes an accident but when police arrive they claim it was the other drivers fault
embezzlement: occurs when someone who has legal possession of another person\'s property fraudulently keeps it for themselves.
-most statutes require a breach of trust to occur
-often people embezzle from their employer

there has been a 40% increase over the last 25 years

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 57

Created By bubbles2334