Sociology Exam 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Process through which one learns how to act according to the rules and expectations of a particular culture
- socialization
- porcess through which people acquire the values and orientations found in statuses they will likely enter in the future
- anticipatory socialization
- process of learning new values, norms, and expectations when an adult leaves an old role and enters a new one
- resocialization
- unique set of traits, behaviors, and attitudes that distinguish one person from the next
- self
- to have a self is to have the ability to plan, observe, guide, and respond to one's own behavior
- reflexive behavior
- The part that react spontaneously without assessing possible consequences (the devil on your shoulder)
- I
- the socialized, self reflective aspect of the self that incorporates society values, and norms into actions
- Me
- occurs when children are able to take a role, but only from the perspective of one person at a time
- play stage
- when the child can take the role of the generalized other
- game stage
- place where individuals are cut off from the wider society and where together they lead an enclosed formslly administered life
- total institution
- primary source of personal socialization
- Family
- impersonal socialization
- Education
- transmkits messages about the type of people we "should" be
- Media
- similar experiences of power, privilege, prestige, wealth, etc.
- Social class
- can strongly influence beliefs and behaviors
- Peers
- important component of identity for most people
- Race and ethnicity
- people form impressions of others and manage impressions of themselves at the same time
- Impression management
- the study of social life as theater
- Dramaturgy
- image being projected
- Role
- People who observe our behavior
- Audience
- communication with others
- Script
- used to present an image
- Props
- where appropriate appearance is maintained
- Front stage
- where preparation of preformance is made and where impression management can be relaxed
- Back stage
- a set of individuals who cooperate in stagin a performance that leads an audiance to form an impression of one or all team members
- Performance Team
- we fail at impression management; we follow different tactics to re-establish order and regai our identities
- Spoiled identities
- to restore order and repair a damaged identity
- Aligning action
- to attemopt to avoid impression mismanagement
- Disclaimer
- permanent identity spoilage
- Stigma
- marriage is integral part of image of family
- Monogomous
- many partners
- Polygamy
- Mandy husbands
- Polyandry
- many wives
- Plygyny
- new couples expected to establish own household
- Neolocal
- marrying outside of social group; typically outside family (sometimes clan or village)
- Exogamy
- rules may be less formal, but typically in U.S. people still marry within: social class, religion, race and ethnicity, education level, and similar value systems
- Endogamy
- behavior, ideas, or attributes that some people in society find offensive, wrong, immoral, sinful, evil, strange, or disgusting
- Deviance
- approah to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that all human behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad
- Absolutism
- approah to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that deviance is socailly created by collective human judgements and ideas
- Relativism
- people learn deviant patterns of behavior from people with whom they associate on a regular basis
- Suterland's differential association theory
- concentrates on identifying the most effective punishment to prevent deivance; assumes people are rational decision makers
- Dterrence theory
- states that deviance is the consequence of the application of rules and sanctions to an offender
- Labeling theory
- potential for a society's long term ruin because of an individual's tendancy to puruse their own short-term interests
- social dilemma
- tendency for people to refrain from contributing to the common good when a resource is available without requiring any personal cost or contribution
- free- rider problem
- A large hierarchial organization that is goverened by formal rules and refulations and that has a clear specification of work tasks
- Bureaucracy
- specialization of different people or groups in different tasks; characteristic of msot bureaucracies
- Division of Labor
- Ranking of people or tasks in a bureaucracy for those at the top where there is a great deal of power and those at the bottom where there is very little power and authority
- Hierarchy of authority
- The process by which the characteristics and principles of the fast food restaurant come to dominate other areas of social life
- McDonaldization
- the optimum method of completing a task
- efficiency
- assessment of outcomes based on quantifiable rather than subjective criteria
- calculability
- the production process us organized to guarantee uniformty of product and standardized outcomes
- Predicability
- the substitution of more predictable non-human labor either through automation or the deskilling of the work force
- control