Anatomy & Physiology Ch. 1d (body positions, regional & directional term
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- anatomical position
-
subject standing erect facing observer
head level, eyes facing forward
feet flat, directed forward
arms at sides, palms turned forward - prone position
- body lying face down
- supine position
- body lying face up
- head region
-
skull (encloses and protects the brain)
and
face (front portion of the head includes eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin) - neck region
- supports the head and attaches to the trunk
- trunk region
- chest, abdomen and pelvis
- upper limb
-
attaches to the trunk - consists of shulder, armpit,
arm (portion of the limb from the shoulder to the elbow)
forearm (portion of the limb from the elbow to the wrist)
wrist and hand - lower limb
-
attaches to the trunk -
consists of the buttock, thigh(portion of the limb from the buttock to the knee)
leg (portion of the limb from the knee to the ankle)
ankle and foot - groin
- area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attached to the thigh
- principal body regions
-
head
neck
trunk
upper limbs
lower limbs - directional terms
- words that describe the position of one body part relative to another (usually grouped in pairs)
-
anterior
(ventral) - front
-
posterior
(dorsal) - back
-
superior
(cranial/cephalic) -
upper
toward head -
inferior
(caudal) -
lower
away from head - medial
- nearer to the midline
- lateral
- farther from the midline
- intermediate
- between two structures
- ipsilateral
- on the same side of the body
- contralateral
- on the opposite side of the body
- proximal
- nearer to the origination of a structure or where it attaches to the trunk
- distal
- farther from the origination of a structure or where it attaches to the trunk
- superficial
- toward or on the surface
- deep
- away from the surface
- planes
- imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts
- section
- one flat surface or cut along a plane
- why is the plane important
- understanding the plane of a section gives knowledge as to the anatomical relationship of one part of a section to another
-
sagittal plane
sagitt=arrow - vertical plane that divides into equal right & left sides
-
parasagittal plane
para=near - vertical plane that divides into unequal right & left sides
-
frontal or coronal plane
corona=crown - vertical plane that divides into anterior & posterior portions
-
transverse plane
(aka cross-sectional) - horizontal plane horizontal plane that divides into superior & inferior portions
- oblique plane
- passes through at an angle between the transverse (upper & lower) and either a sagittal or frontal plane
- body cavities
- spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs
- cranial cavity
-
formed by the cranial bones-
contains the brain - vertebral (spinal) cavity
-
formed by the vertebral column-
contains the spinal column - meninges
- three layers of protective tissue that line the cranial & vertebral cavities
- thoracic cavity
-
formed by the ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum and thoracic vertebrae-
contains the pericardial cavity, 2 pleural cavities and the mediastinum -
pericardial cavity
peri=around; cardial=heart - a fluid filled space within the thoracic cavity that contains the heart
-
pleural cavities
pleur=rib or side - each cavity surrounds a lung and contains a small amount of fluid
-
mediastinum
media=middle; stinum=partition -
central part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs;
extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and the neck to the diaphragm-
contains all thoracic organs except the lungs; the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus and several large blood vessels - diaphragm
- dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
- abdominopelvic cavity
-
extends from the diaphragm to the groin, encircled by the abdominal wall and the bones & muscles of the pelvis-
it is divided into two portions -
abdominal cavity
abdomin=belly -
the superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity-
contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine -
pelvic cavity
pelv=basin - inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine & internal organs of the reproductive system
- viscera
- the organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
- serous membrane
- a thin, slippery double layered membrane that covers the viscera and lines the walls of the thorax & abdomen
- parietal layer
- the layer of the serous membrane that lines the walls of the cavities
- visceral layer
- the layer of the serous membrane that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities
- serous fluid
-
fluid between the parietal & visceral layers of serous membrane;
reduces friction - pleura
- serous membrane of the pleural cavity
- visceral pleura
- clings to the surface of the lungs
- parietal pleura
- lines the chest walls and the superior portion of the diaphragm
- pericardium
- serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
- visceral pericardium
- covers the surface of the heart
- parietal pericardium
- lines the chest wall
- peritoneum
- serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
- visceral peritoneum
- covers the abdominal viscera
- perietal peritoneum
- lines the abdominal wall and the inferior surface of the diaphragm
- retroperitontal organs
- organs located between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal walls
- abdominopelvic regions
- a method of dividing this cavity into 9 regions using two horizontal lines & two vertical lines
- 4 lines dividing the abdominopelvic regions
-
subcostal
transtubercular
right & left midclavicular - abdominopelvic quadrants
- a method of dividing this cavity into four regions using vertical & horizontal lines that pass through the umbilicus