Body Fluids

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In the pH double indcator system what are the 4 limitations: 1) know known interferences...specimen must be fresh, not affected by buffer conc
If you have the bence jones protein what does that indicate: multiple myeloma
promimal convluted tubule: reabsorption of 80% of salt and water secretes: acids bases H and NH and drugs
Prussian blus rxn stain: IDs hemosiderin, free floating or in epi cells
What will the SG reults be if a pt has Diabetes ellitus: HIGH
What is the major purine disorders: lesch nyhan disease
What 3 things occur during a purine disorder: overproduction of uric acid, neurological disability, bevhavioral problems
supravital stains:sternheimer-malbin: most comon consists of crystal violet and safranin aka sternheimer malbin stain. facilitates formed element ID by allowing more detailed images of the internal structure particulary of the WBCs, epi cells and casts
CSF total vol in mL for adults vs neonates: adults 140-170 neonates 10-60
How many hours after collection should a urine specimen be tested: 2
a 10% soln of NaOH may be usedto: dissolve amorphus urates
CSF: storage for chemical and serological testing: should be frozen
nocturia: increase urination at night
Neutrophils: Involved in first wave of defense against infections. Phagocytosis of debris and bacteria
The Promimal Tubule functions to: reabsorb 80% of salt and water
hemosiderin: reabsorption of filtered hemoglobin
What is spec Grav influenced by: # and size of dissolved substance
Renal...indications: impaired kidney function such as: acute tubular necrosis, renal vao constriction, drugs, toxins, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis
Pleural cavity aspirates, Peritoneal cavity aspirates. Pericardial cavity aspirates: Thoracentesis,Paracentesis, Pericardiocentesis
What are the 6 clinical signifcances of the bilirubin test: hepatitis, cirrhosis, other liver diseases, biliary obstruction, early detection of liver disease, cause of clinical jaundice
pariteal layer vs viceral layer: pariteal layer forms the outside viceral forms inner layer
What does the ehrlich test look like in the case of raised porphobilingen (which indecates acute intermittent porphuria): pink precipitate is observed and is insoluble in chloroform
S.G. quality control Temp Correction for every 3 degree celicius difference from 20 degrees (colder/warmer): Subtract 0.001 for every 3 below 20, add 0.001 for every 3 above 20
Why would you have white cloudy/acidic urine: amorphous urates, calicum oxalate, uric acids, crystals, semen, fecal contaimination, radiographic contrast, talcum powder, and vaginal creams
What can cause a false postive in a glucose reagent strip: strong oxidizing agents and detergents
What produces CSF: choroid plexuses w/i the cerebral ventricles
If a pt is yellow what color is their CSF: yellow
Define Isosthenuric: refferring to spec gravity being fixed at 1.010
What is the bilirubin reagent strip sensitive to: 0.2-0.4 mg/dL of conjugated bilirubin
What are the 4 clinical significances of the urobilinogen: early detection of liver disease, liver disorders, hemolytic disorders, fever & dehyration maybe seen in conc urine
Where do CSFs Tubes go: Tube 1(chemistry): 1mL glucose and protein, Tube 2 (microbiology): 5mL culture and sensitivity, Tube 3(hematology): Cell count (done immediately), Tube 4 (serology): specialized tests
CSF: Labs for viral, tubercular, fungal, parastic: moderate increase in in WBC count mostly lymphocytes and monocytes
How do you calculate the CSF IgG index: (IgG CSF/IgG serum) x (albumin serum/albumin CSF): values greater than .77 indicative of IgG production w/ CSF
effusion: build up of fluid in a space
What is the 3 clinical signifcance of the protein test **note strip only detects albumin**: pre renal, renal, post renal
phenylketonuria...what is the result: an auto recessive inherited enzyme defect of deficiency characterized by the inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine. As a result phenylalanine is converted to phenylketone which is excreted in the urine
what re the 3 waste products excreted & what are they a waste product of: 1) Urea: protein oxidatitive catabolism, 2) creatinine: muscle metabolism 3) uric acid: nucleic acid metabolism
Chronic Renal Failure:Labs: anemia acidosis, uremia
What kinda stain do you use to deterimine if sperm are dead: Supravital stain: dead sperm will take up the die and turn pink
Reagent strips detect only what?: albumin only
Serous fluid 5 tubes and their storage: Chemistry (plain tube), Hematology (placed in EDTA), Microbiology (EDTA/sodium heparin), Serum (allowed to clot), Cytologic (sodium heparin)
Where do you detect cystine disorders and what present,: tubular transports of amino acids, Renal Calculi (stones)
The following tests can be performed on the amniotic fluid to evaluate fetal lung maturity: Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), Sphingomyelin, Phosphatidylglycerol
Glitter cells: WBCs in a hypotonic soln swell (and eventually burst) they appear shiny under microscope
What is the clinical signifigance of ketone testing, What are the 5 possible reasons it may be positive: any finding is significant: diabetes, vomiting, starvation malabsorption, strenous exercise, detects diabetic acidosis, monitor insulin dosage
Cells of Leydig: secrete testosterone
negative birefrigence: yellow up
Pleural, peritoneal, pericardial cavities: surround the lung, abd, heart
Sperm Motility: 0: immotile,1: motile, without forward progression, 2: motile, with slow non-linear (forward) or meandering progression, 3: motile, with moderate linear (forward) progression, 4: motile, with strong linear (forward) progression
what is the function fo the loop of henle: to maintain hyperosmolality w/i the kidney medulla
Nephrotic syndrom: symptoms: massive proteinuria (>3.5) edema, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipedema, lipiduria
What will happen if bilirubin is exposused to light b4 test is read: you will read a false negatve
Phosphatidylglycerol: If present, indicates fetal lung maturity, If not present, significance is uncertain
If there are nitriles present then likely: a bacteria is present
what is the significance of finding porphobilinogen in the urine: it is a porphyrin precursor & an important intermediate compound in the formation of heme
If you think it is fungal meningitis what test should you do: the india ink test
CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen. If positive, indicative of malignancy of GI origin, but can indicate many types of epithelial cancers
Melanuria (produced by? what is the indcation?): the increased excretion of melanin in urine, melanomas, melanin in urine darkens upon exposure to air
What changes occur upon storage of urine: increase in pH, nitrite, and bacteria and decrease in glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, cells and casts
what was ehrlich's aldehyde test used to confirm: a diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria
Where is CSF: contained space bx the arachnoids and the pia
Urine Serum Creatine Ratio after Fluid Restriction: 3.0-4.7 mOsmoles
which formed element is most characteristic of severe liver disease: tyrosine crystals
CSF: protein levels: less than 40
polyuria: increase in daily urine volume
Multinucleated Giant Cell: Forms when several macrophages/histiocytes fuse together. Sign of a chronic inflammatory process or as a reaction to foreign material
What 3 things will cause a decrease in SG: 1) ingestion of larges quantities of fluid, 2) lack of renal conc 3) diabetes insipidus
What are the 3 kinds of chemical examinations: SG, pH, chemical testing
What is the clinical significance of elevated protein in the CSF: Damage to the BBB (meningitis, hemorrage), immunoglobulin production in CNS, decreased clearance of normal protein, degeneration of neural tissue
What are the 2 methods used to measure URea: Urea-urase->2NH4+ +HCO3- or NAD/NADH both utilize enzymatic rxn w/ urease
What are the 4 types of effusions: Transudate, exudate, chylous, psudochylous
why is uric acid evaluated? how does it result? what is it made by?: for gout and kidney stone formation, results in breakdown of purine, made by the liver
what is the 4 clinical significances of blood tests: hematuria, hemoglobinuria, hemosiderinin, myoglobinuria
How will detergents, meds and bleaches affect reagent strips: false positve
How does the glucose reagent strip work: via the glucose oxidase rxn
What does the SSA test for: Detects all types of protein
What is pre renal...indications: any cause of decrease renal bood flow such as: salt and water depletion, vomitin, diarrhea, duiresis, sweating, shock, burns *bence jones protein-low molecular wt protein*
Chylous effusions labs: Triglyceride level greater than 110 mg/dL, Chylomicrons present
hansel stain: enhances the ID of eosinophils
What can causee abnormally high SG results above 1.035: radiopaque dye, glucose and protein
CSFL storage for Microbiology: remain at room temp test done ASAP
What could a presence of protein in the urine indicate: renal disease
Acute Glomerulonephritis: symptoms: oliguria hematuria edema hypertension
Surfactants are important for the following reasons:: Prevent the collapse of the alveoli at expiration, Reduce the amount of pressure required to open the alveoli at inspiration
Oligohydramnios: abnormally decreased amounts of amniotic fluid
S.G. quality control correction of glucose & protein: 1 gram of protein= ___1 gram of glucose=____: protein=increase s.g. .003 glucose=increase s.g. .004
What is the acetest: a back up test for ketones primary advantage is that they can be used for serum & urine
how can you and why would you lyse RBCs: 2% acetic acid doiing this allows you to eliminate the RBCs and examine the serum of the other things
In a ketone test what 4 things can cause a false positive test: phhtbalein dyes, highly pigmented red urine, levodopa, meds containing free sulffhydryl groups
describe how the ehrlich test works: =vol of ehrlichs reagent & urine r mixed if pink is formed=urinary conc is either porphobilinogen or urobilinogen
If you have a negative test for blood on the strip test and a postive microscopic test for blood....: it means acsorbic acid interfered w/ the test
Normal amniotic fluid is what color? If dark indicates? If Green?: Colorless and pale, seen w/ increased bilirubin, presence of meconium
T/F regulation of oxygen to tissues is a fn of the kidneys: FALSE
describe the ictotest for bilinrubin: confirmation from multistick same rxn color development easier to see more sensitive detects 0.1mg/dL
Ketones react with what in the strip test: sodium niotroprusside
What is the normal range for specific gravity: 1.003-1.035
Surfactant is produced by what: cells in the alveoli
What is azotemia: An increase in the BUN level
What is the ratio of serum urea nitrgen to serum creatinine: between 10.1 and 20.1
Diabetes insipidis: u are lacking ADH but your glucose and ketone will not be high
What is Lecithin: Lecithin is the major pulmonary surfactant
Describe the clinitiest methodology: pass thru phenomenon, copper sulfate w/ a reducing sugar...galactocemia
what are teh 3 tests for porphyrin disorders and how do they work: Erlich test: AVA & porphobilinogen, Watson Schwartz: differentiates urobilinogen and orophobilinogen, Hoesch test: urinary porphobilinogen
What will happen If you add 1 gram of solute to a soln: BP will go up and Osmotic Pressure will go down
peylonephritis: causes: Kidney infection progressed lower UTI, obstruction
Acute renal failure: labs: proteinuria hematuria, casts, increased BUN and Creatinine and Phosphorus
peylonephritis:labs: WBC casts, bacteruria
What are the 3 carbo disorders: 1) melituria, 2) glactosemia 3) lacosuria
Hyposthenuric: Spec Grav below 1.010
What is a panic value for BUN: over 100mg/dl
Transudate: clear, straw colored
Nephrotic syndrom:labs: increase protein, urinary fat droplets, oval fat bodies, renal tubular epi cells, waxy fatty casts and RBCs
Renin: produced in the renal medulla whenever extracelluear fluid is decreased it is a vasoconstrictoer to increase BP intial component in the renin anglotensin-aldosterone feedback stystem
Sperm specimen collecition: collected in an empty, sterile container,room temperature, Must be delivered to the laboratory within one hour of collection
CSF: normal glucose levels: 2/3 serum
Normal Urine/Serum Creatinine Ratio: 1.0-3.0 mOsmoles
What are the most common causes of meningitis: haemophilus influenzae, neisseria meningitides and streptococcus pneumonia
What is the caluclation for osmolality: 2(NA+) +(glucose/20) + (BUN/3)
How do you convert BUN to Urea: BUN x (60/28)
Glomerulus: filters everything except cells and large molecules example: albumin, lipids and bilirubin
What is the normal range for Creatinine in the blood: 0.8-1.4 mg/dL
how will a highly pigmented urine affect reagent strips: false positve
If evaluated within 60 minutes,: >50% of the sperm should show moderate to strong linear progression
A strong oxidizing agent will always produce what in reagent stripes?: A false postive
What is the normal serum osmolality: 275-300 mOsmoles/kg
L/S ratios: If less than 2.0, associated with fetal lung immaturity, If greater than 2.0, associated with fetal lung maturity
what is the normal urine osmolality: 50-1200 mOsmoles/kg
What cell do you look for in SLE: LE cell (neutrophil has engulfed nuclear material)
How dow you calc the CSF serum albumin index: Alubumin CSF/Albumin Serum **less than 9 indicates intact blood brain barrier
What is the normal Range for Creatinine Clearance: 90-130 mL/min
Fat stains: Sudan III and oil Red O: confirms the presence of triglycerides and neutral fats by characteristically staining them orange or red
In the ketone test what can cause a false negative: improperly preserved specimens
What 5 things can cause a false negative in the glucose reagent strip: 1) high levels of absorbic acid 2) high levels of ketones 3) high SG 4) low temp 5) improperly preserved specimens
CA 125: cancer antigen. Present in cells of ovarian origin
what is the coupled enzymatic rxn used to measure BUN, Used in the test system: NAD/NADH and glutamic acid
If you have large amounts of RTE what does that indicate: Tubular necorosis
If you see oliclonal banding in elecrophoresis what does that indicate: MS
what regulate erythropoietin, what does it do, where is it produced: regulated by blood oxygen levels, it increases the production of RBCs in bone marrow, produced in cells next to the proximal tubule
What is the end product of purine (a nucleic acid) metabolism of man: uric acid
Acute Glomerulonephritis: labs: Increased RBCs RBC casts proteinuria BUN and serum creatinin ASO serum titer decreased GFR
What does refrigeration do to a urine specimen and what must be done b4 running tests: decrease bacteral growth, return to room temp
Fluorescence Polarization Assay: Degree of fluorescence polarization is measured: If it is high, the amount of surfactants are high and the fetal lungs are most likely mature, If low, the amount of surfactants are low and the fetal lungs are most likely immature
What is the reference values for adults BUN: 7-20mg/100ml **men slightly higher, prenancy decrease 25%, newborns lower, ederly increased
What 3 things can cause false negative results in the bilirubin test: light exposure, ascorbic acid, high conc of nitrite
peylonephritis:symptoms: fever extreme lower back pain
CSF: Labs for a bacterial infection: high WBC count, mostly neutrophils, phagocytized bacteria
Hypersthenuric: Spec Grav above 1.010
What are the 5 clinical significances of pH: 1) det of acid base disorder, 2 manage urine conditions require specific pH to be maintain (UTI) 3 detect kidnesy inability to secrete and absorb acid or base, 4 ID crystals, 5 Determination of unsatisfactory specimen
What does it mean if the leukocyte esterase test is postive: WBCs are present
CSF: when will you see macrophages: generally appear 2-4 hours following hemorrhage in CSF
regulation of acid base balance: bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) freely filtered in glomerules must be reabsorbed to maintain a proper 7.4 pH secretion of H+ prevents HCO3- loss in urine and 100% reabsorption occurs
if you have waxy fatty and lipid casts indicates: nephrotic syndrom
Milky white after centrifugation: Chylous effusion
What 5 things can cause false postive results in the bilirubin test: highly pigmented urines, indicans, phenazopyridine indicans, metabolites of iodine, high vitamin c
What are the 4 kinds of physical urine examination: color, apperance, odor, volume
what causes myoglobinuria: trma to cardio and sketal
what can cause lowered creatine levels: muscle disease: myasthenia gravs or muscular dystrophy
Lymphocytes: Two types: B and T cells.B cell: Differentiate into plasma cells when exposed to a foreign antigen and produce antibody T cell: Destroys foreign cells, cancer cells, or virally infected cells Increased in tuberculosis, lymphoma, rheumatoid pleuritis, SLE
One disadvantage to the sternheimer malbin stain?: in strongly alkaline urine it precipitate therefor obstructing the microscopic visulization of formed elements
What is post renal (indications): any obstruction of the urniary tract...proteins produced in urine
Macrophage/Histiocyte are derived from: the transformation of monocytes or from mesothelial cells
how does the loop of henle maintain a hyperosmotic environment: via nacl and urea reabsorbtion
CCT is used to estimate what?: glomerular filtration Rate
Nephrotic syndrom: causes: glomerulnephritis, infections, toxins, allergens, carcinoma SLE Diabetes
Monocytes: Phagocytosis of foreign material Involved in stimulating lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulin to foreign material Differentiate into macrophages when in tissue
Creatinine Clearance Test Equation: (U)(V)/P x 1.73/A: U=urine conc, V=vol per min, P=plasma conc A= pts surface area
what 3 things can cause false negative resutls in the blood test: ascorbic acid, high livels of urinary nitrites,formalin high specific gravitiy of urine
what protein is found only in CSF and not in serum: TAU
what can cause CSF to be oily?: radiographic contrast media
What are the 5 clinical signifigances of glucose testing: 1) diabetes-carb metabolism is compromised, 2) vomiting inadequate carb itake 3) strenuous exercise, 4) diabetes acidosis 5) monitor insulin dosage
Post renal azotemia is caused by: inflammation, malignancy, injury or cardiovasuclar disease
How will vitamin C (acsorbic acid) affect reagent strips: false negative
what 3 things will cause false positive results in the blood results: strong oxidizing agents, bacterial peroxidase, menstrual contamination
If you protein reads above 5.5 indicates?: nephrotic syndrom
How does the glucose reducing sugars (copper reducgion test) work? Results?: copper sulfate reacts w/ reuducing substances in urine converting cupric sulfate into cuprous oxide. Results in color that varies w/ the amount of reducing substances present
what is the composition of urine (3 inorganic, 3 organic, 3 other and the 5 formed elements): inorganic: chloride, potassium, sodium, organic: urea, creatinine, uric acid other: hormones vitamins, medications formed elements: cells, casts crystals mucus and bacteria
T/F a small number of leukocytes are normal in CSF: true
The bence JOnes protein is found in what: Pre renal condition found in Multiple myeloma
What is the most commonly used stained in CSF: gram stain
The kidney utilizes which of the following rxn mech to maintain the acid base bal of the body: excessive hydrogen ion is trapped in the form of H2PO4 and NH4 + and is excreted in the urine
Alkaptonuria: a rare recessively inherited disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of homgentistic acid b/c of a deficicency of the enzyme homogentistic acid oxidase
hemoglobinuria: lysis of RBCs in the urinary tract
Jaffe RXN: spectrophotometric end point analysis of the rxn bx creatinine and picrate in the formation of a red orange complex (janovski complex)
What is the clincal significance of leukocyte esterase? what are the levels of indication: inflammation anywhere in the kidneys or the lower UTI. 20 WBCs/mL or greater
If you suspect TB meningitis what test should you perform: acid fast
8 things that can cause alkaline urine: 1) dairy, 2) fruits, 3) vomiting 4) repiratory/metabolic alkalosis, 5) acetazolamide therapy, 6) chronic renal faliure 7) low carb diet 8) after meals
Chronic Renal Failure: causes: glomerular diseases, chronic pyelonephritis, toxins, kidney stones, radiation, DM gout
What kind of meningitis will have increased lactate levels and low glucose levels: bacterial meningitis
what is Blue Diaper syndrome what is the indicator what is the reason: Tryptophan disorder, Blueish urine stained diaper, Incomplete intestinal breakdown of trypotophan
Acute renal failure:causes: pre, post and renal
Hyaluronic acid: Binds to water and helps lubricate areas of the body (ex. joints), Increased values (>8 mg/dL) are seen in mesothelioma
If serous is cloudy: 50%x neutrophils
What is the BBB: represents the control and filtration of blood componenets to teh CSF and then to the brain
What 3 things will cause an increase in SG: 1) diabetes mellitus, 2) Metabolites or certain drugs, 3) IV w/ dextran & other high molecular wt substances
T/F abnormal sperm will be found in every specimin: true
loop of henle: acending vs decending: decending: freely permeable to water, ascending impermeable to water
Function of the loop of henle: maintains hyperosmolality within the kidney medulla
distal convoluted tubule: makes fine adjustments 95% of NaCL and 90% of water reabsorbed responsive to aldosterone
Maple syrup urine disease MSUD test (indicator, reason): urine has maple syrup smell: leucine, isoleucine & valine can not be metabolized & accumulate
what is the primary pigment in normal urine: urochrome
CSF: color?: clear and colorless
What are the 3 types of UA: dipstick, microscopic, cytodiagnostic
What are teh 4 functions of CSF: supply nutrients to the nervous tissue, remove metabolic wastes, acts as a mechanical barrier to cushion the brain and spinal cord, vol regulation of intracranial contents
What does teh erlichs aldehyde reagent consist of: amino benzaldehyde in acid soln
What is the pH reagent reaction: double indicator system: methyl red (4.4-6.2) and bromthylmol blue (6.0-7.6)
Glomerular Fn Test ideal substance should be and what is used: neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the tubules....creatinine via CCT
What causes major purine disorders: excess urine acid crystals
What is the clincial significance of nitrite testing: IDing UTI
Diabetes insipidus: Decrease in the productions or function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
In hemolytic disorders what will be the expected results of the urobilinogen test: urobilinogen will be increased
CSF: storage for hematology: refrigerate if can't be done w/i one hour
If the body is overhydrated the resultant urine osmolality will be: very dilute
Acute Glomerulonephritis: causes: occurs in children and young adults do to group A streptococcus
Acute renal failure:symptoms: oliguria, anuria
How many mLs of urine are produced by an adult: 1200-1500
T/F Adenocarcinoma is the most common malignancy seen in body cavity fluids: true
Mesothelial Cells line what?: body cavities
Pseudochylous Causes:: Usually a chronic inflammatory process
azoospermia: the absence of sperm in semen
What does radiographic dye affect": SG in urine, and in CSF will apper oily
Pleocytosis: an increase in the # of cells in the CSF causing it to appear cloudy to varying degrees
when will you see a decrease in BUN: liver failure, malnutrition, anabolic steroid use, overhydration, preganancy, impaired nutrient absorption, SIADH
synovial: Calcium pyrophosphate: (Seen in pseudo-gout chondrocalcinosis)
Albumin: normally present in consistent concentrations during the third trimester, is used as an internal standard to measure surfactants levels greater than 70
what causes renal azotemia: toxins, SLE, streptoccocal glomerulonephritis, heavy metals, viral infections
what is Produced and secreted by the seminal vesicles: fructose
What are the symptoms of DM: glucose, thirst, wt loss, polyuria, ketonacidosis (type two over 40)
What creates oval fat bodies: macrophages /monocytes that ingest lipids
What percent of nephron loss must you have b4 it can be detected: 50%
What determines the size of casts: the lumen tubular-the bigger the cast means teh tubular is dilated
collecting duct: final state for conc urine, under the influence of aldosterone and ADH
SG clincial signifcance: isothenuria signifcant: renal tubular dysfunction
Hydramnios: abnormally increased amounts of amniotic fluid
Clinical osomometers are based on which principle: Freezing point depression
CSF: increased Lactate levels indicate: a hemorrhage
Synovial Fluid tubes go where/storage: Hematology (sodium heparin), Microbiology (sterile container), Chemistry (no anticoagulant needed), Cytology (sodium heparin)
Chronic Renal Failure:Symptoms: progressive loss of renal function
What is BUN a product of: protein metabolism
synovial fluids: Monosodium urate: seen in gout
CSF: normal findings in adults and neonates: adults: lymphocytes & monocytes, children: more monocytes than lymphocytes
Rope's Test aka mucin clot test: Evaluates degree of hyaluronidase polymerization
Diabetes Mellitus: defect in pancreatic production of insulin or in the function of insulin
What kind of casts will you see in crushed injuries: fattu casts
supravitial stain: 0.5% soln of toluidine blue: enhances nuclear detail of cells. good for distinguishing cells of similar size such as leukocytes and renal collecting duct cells
If urine is cloudy white and alkaline what are the causes: amorphous phosphates and carbonates
What is the core matrix of all casts: Uromodiulum protein aka Tamm horsfall protein
T/F Meso cells are normally present in body fluids: False
When can sperm analysis take place: after liquefaction
before you creatinine will increase what will you see an increase in: cyostin c
what causes pre renal: infection and infllammation
oliguria: Decreased urine volume
The substance whose renal clearnace will always be = to glomerular filtration rate is: freely filtered from plasma into glomerular ultrafilteration & is neither secreted nor absorbed by renal tubules
What are some reasons you can have elevated creatinine: poor kidney function, kidney infection, something blocking urine flow, dehydration, heart failure, decreaded blood flow to the kidneys, pregnancy, some meds
hematuria: renal calculi, glomerular disease, tumors, trauma, drugs, strenous exercise ect
Anuria: cesseation of urine flow
what is teh key bx determining bx tubercular meningitis and viral meningitis: Look at the glucose if it is normal it is viral if it is decreased it is tubercular
Describe errors made & their result during centrifugaiton: braking: causes sediment to resuspend prematurely which = erroneously decreased #s of formed elements present in conc sediment
the ketone pad reagent strip will detect: acetone & acetoacetic acid
How do you differentiate bx pyelonephritis or an upper UTI: WBCs and WBC casts=pyelonephritis, if no casts then lower UTI

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