Clin Path #2

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stress: what type of leukogram is mediated by a glucocorticoid release and has an increase of lymphocytes?
leukocytes: what urine property is not very sensitive, may change color anyway, positive test is evidence of wbc's in urine
physical and chemical: what types of properties does urine have
crystals: what can form from a change in pH, refrigeration, and water intake?
bacteria: any of this in a cystocentesis sample is significant
waxy casts: you see this if the infection is more chronic, it's a disintegrated granular cast
calcium oxalate: what is the second most frequent type of crystal (40%)? it has 2 forms, produces crystals, and is seen in dogs and cats?
urate crystals: what type of crystals are inherited genetically due to the inability to metabolize an amino acid (dalmations)
isosthenuric: 1.010-1.012 is considered to be what kind of urine
1.035-1.060: normal specific gravity of a cat
1.00: specific gravity of water
bacteria: a urine slide must be on high dry or oil immersion to find this
toxic neutrophils: what type of inflammatory cell has a large abnormally segmented nucleus, cytoplasm is blue, vacuoles are present
mucoprotein: what is produced by transitional epithelial cells and secreted by the lumen of the tubule
upper urinary tract: if there is a high number of transitional epithelial cells, it could indicate an inflammation of what
dihydrate and monohydrate: what are the 2 types of calcium oxalate crystals?
waxy cast: what type of cast is the final step in disintegration and indicates chronic inflammation
squamous: what kind of epithelial cells are larger, a more square shape, and found in the urethra or prepuce
urolithliosis: crystalluria indicates what?
urate crystals: what type of crystals are yellowish-brown and thorny?
lipid droplets: what extra particles are common in a urine sample of cats?
inflammatory: what type of leukogram is seen in animals with inflammation or infection?
physiologic: what type of leukogram can be seen in relatively normal animals, and it's due to a release in epinephrine
infection: what does it mean when there is a high number of squamous epithelial cells
7-8.5: normal urine pH for a cow and horse
ethylene glycol: what reason would you see monohydrate crystals? (poisoning)
0: normal glucose in animal urine
bladder: when urine is going through the body, once it reaches this point, it's already begun to decompose
ketones: what chemical urine property is a by-product of fat metabolism
0: Normal amts of bilirubin for cats and dogs
specific gravity: we use a refractometer to find this value, it assesses the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine
ketones: what is one aspect of the odor of urine that can be a diagnostic clue?
ketonuria: ketones in urine
pH: what chemical urine property can be altered to treat stones
stress: what type of leukogram is seen in animals due to physiologic stress?
urobilinogen: this comes from the breakdown of bilirubin, most of it is excreted through the stool
capillaria pica: bladder worm of domestic animal, not pathogenic, looks like a whipworm
degenerative: what type of left shift has better outlook?
calcium carbonate: crystal of large animals, normal, doesnt cause any problem
globulin and albumen: protein dipstick in urine measures what
proteinuria: protein in urine
left shift: what is the hallmark sign of an inflammatory leukogram
anuria: term for no urine....due to possible blockage
struvite: what type of crystal is a triple-phosphate, and has a coffin-lid shape to it?
transitional: what kind of epithelial cells are fatter and pear shaped, and found in the bladder, ureter and kidney tubules
polyuria: term for excess urine
acute inflammation: hyaline casts on a slide indicate what?
chronic inflammation: granular casts on a slide indicate what?
manual & cysto: what 2 forms of urine collection should only be done on small animals?
struvite: what type of crystals will cause stones and obstructions in dogs and cats?
1.015-1.045: normal specific gravity of a dog
occult blood: small, trace amts of blood in urine is called
0: normal level of ketones in urine
contaminant: 1-2 bacteria/hpf is due to....
2/3: how much of the kidney has to be damaged before there are clinical signs
physical: what type of properties are these: color, turbidity, and odor
oliguria: term for less than normal urine
granular cast: what type of casts are the "plug" of cells, and they indicate inflammation of the kidney?
bilirubin: what urine dipstick property do we not really worry about unless it is excessively high
leukograms: these are all types of: physiologic, stress, inflammatory
hematuria: you have this, if there are green dots on the dipstick square
struvite: what type of crystal is the most common to see in a urine sample (60%)
dihydrate: what is the most frequent form of oxalate crystals?
manual expression: what type of urine sample do you get from pressing on the bladder to make the animal urinate
1-2/lpf: what is a normal amount of casts seen in a slide?
bilirubinuria: term for bilirubin in urine
degenerative: what type of left shift has more band cells than mature neutrophils?
toxic neutrophils: what type of cells are seen in cases of severe inflammation, and the changes are produced in the bone marrow
nitrite: what chemical urine property is non-specific for bacterial infections, such as cystitis
kidney disease: inability to concentrate urine may be a sign of
voided: what type of urine sample do you catch mid-stream in a clean container
casts: molds of renal tubules that break free and may be seen in urine
chemical: what urine properties are almost universally done with a dipstick
cystocentesis: what type of urine sample do you get from inserting a needle through the animal's body wall to draw out urine
urobilinogen: what chemical property of urine can be a little high or low, and still be perfectly normal
reactive lymphocyte: what cell, also called an immunocyte, can be seen after a vaccine is given
cystine: what type of crystal is hexagonal, and is inherited due to the inability to produce certain toxins (dachshunds)
5.5-7: normal urine pH for a dog and cat
toxic granulation: what is it called when cells have primary granules in the cytoplasm, they have pinkish dots, mostly in horses
yeast: what is not real significant in urine of animals, and may have been caused by a long term antibiotics
physiologic: what type of leukogram will have a CBC with an increase of neutrophils
1.010-1.012: specific gravity of plasma
hemoglobinuria: when RBC's lyse and spill all their contents into the urine
glucosuria: glucose in urine
diabetes mellitus: insulin deficiency from pancreas, may have glucose show up in urine
pH: what chemical urine property is directly affected by diet
infection: more than 1-2 bacteria/hpf is due to
bilirubin: this chemical urine property is the breakdown of Hgb
hematuria: blood in urine, caused by trauma, stones, or crystals
alkaline urine: if you see crystals in a urine sample, what does that indicate?
dohle bodies: what type of cells have retained RNA, which is blue, and is mostly seen in cats?
hemoglobinuria: you have this, if there is a general green color throughout the dipstick square
regenerative: what type of left shift has more mature neutrophils than band cells?

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