WH2: Exam Dates (18-25)

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1600s-1700s: English merchants sent ships across the world's oceans and planted outposts in the West Indies, North America, and India
1740: Frederick II begins his reign in Prussia
1820: In Spain, liberals forced the king to issue a constitution. This move alarmed Agustín de Iturbide, a conservative creole in Mexico
1918: Parliament finally grant suffrage to women over age 30
1700s: Literature developed new styles, and book like Robinson Crusoe and Pamela
1910: The Union of South Africa is formed
1830(s): Zulus were also battling the Boers, who were migrating north from the Cape Colony
1820: Haiti became a republic
1820: Some British tariffs were repealed
1764: James Hargreaves solved that problem by producing the spinning jenny, which spun many threads at the same time
1849: Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome, but French forces soon toppled it
1770: Marie Antoinette maries Louis XVI
1900: Architects were using steel to construct soaring buildings
1856: Workers in the Neander valley of Germany accidentally uncovered the fossilized bones of prehistoric people, whom scientists called Neanderthal
1858: Britain begins direct rule of India
1870: Rail lines crisscrossed Britain, Europe, and North America
1830(s): British merchant ships were arriving in China loaded with opium to sell to the Chinese
1894: A high-ranking army officer, Alfred Dreyfus, was accused of spying for Germany. He was convicted and condemned to life imprisonment on Devil's Island,
1759: The philosophe Voltaire publishes Candide. The novel mocks French society
1804: In a magnificent ceremony, Napoleon crowns himself emperor of the French
December 1773: A handful of colonists hurled a cargo of recently arrived British tea into the harbor to protest a tax on tea. It became the "Boston Tea Party."
1885: Nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress, which became known as the Congress party. Its members were mostly professionals and business leaders who believed in peaceful protest to gain their ends
1822: Napoleon left his son Dom Pedro Brazil. In 1822 he followed his father's advice. A revolution had brought new leaders to Portugal
1848: A growing gulf divided workers seeking radical economic change and liberals pursuing moderate political reform
1911: Sun Yixian becomes president of Chinese Republic
1793: During the Reign of Terror, which begins in 1793, the guillotine is used to execute thousands of French citizens
1914: Yellow fever and malaria had been traced to microbes carried by mosquitoes
1700-1800: Britain's population, soared from 5 million to 9 million
1860: Garibaldi had recruited a force of 1,000 red-shirted volunteers. Cavour provided weapons and allowed two ships to take Garibaldi and his "Red Shirts" south to Sicily
1763: The Treaty of Paris is signed by France and Great Britain, and it ended the Seven Years' War
1869: The French-built Suez Canal opens up in Egypt
1898: The Philippines declare independence from Spain
1870: In France, the Prussian victory over Austria worried Napoleon III. A growing rivalry between the two nations led to the Franco-Prussian War
1882: Britain made Egypt a protectorate
1896: A growing women's rights movement sought legal reforms. It made some gains, such as an 1896 law giving married women the right to their own earnings
1813: Russia defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig
1911: Liberal government passed measures to restrict the power of the Lords, including their power to veto tax bills
1819: Workers held a rally in Manchester, soldiers charged the crowd, killing a dozen and injuring hundreds more
1848: When the government took steps to silence critics and prevent public meetings, angry crowds took to the streets. During the "February Days," iron railings, overturned carts, paving stones, and toppled trees again blocked the streets of Paris
1762: Jean-Jacques Rousseau publishes The Social Contract
1824: Louis XVIII dies, and his brother Charles X inherits the throne
1856: British engineer Henry Bessemer developed a process to purify iron ore and produce a new substance, steel
1830(s): France begins efforts to conquer Algeria in North Africa
1795-1799: The Directory
1848: Liberals meeting in the Frankfurt Assembly again demanded German political unity. They offered the throne of a united German state to Frederick William IV of Prussia. The Prussian ruler, however, rejected the notion of a throne offered by "the people
1832: Parliament finally passed the Great Reform Acts. It redistributed seats in the House of Commons, giving representation to large towns and cities and eliminating rotten boroughs
1899: The U.S. called for a policy to keep Chinese trade open to everyone on an equal basis. The imperial powers more or less accepted the idea of an Open Door Policy
1792: A crowd of Parisians stormed the Tuileries and slaughtered the king's guards. The royal family fled to the Legislative Assembly "September Massacres"
1807: An American, Robert Fulton, used Watt's steam engine to power the Clermont up the Hudson River in New York
1810: Bolívar led an uprising that established a republic in his native Venezuela. Bolívar's new republic was quickly toppled by conservative forces
1905: In Russia, the czar's troops, standing in front of the arch, fire on peaceful protesters. The massacre becomes known as Bloody Sunday.
1890: The Italian pioneer Guglielmo Marconi had invented the radio
1805: Muhammad Ali is named governor of Egypt. A mosque in Cairo is named in his honor
1848: Revolutions break out across much of Europe
1600s: A group of noblewomen in Paris began inviting a few friends to their homes for poetry readings, leading to salons in the 1700s
1848: The Chartists prepared a third petition and organized a march on Parliament. Fearing violence, the government moved to suppress the march
1789: France was still under an ancien regime where everyone belonged to one of three classes: First Estate, the Second Estate, or Third Estate
1867: Disraeli and the Conservative party pushed through the Reform Bill of 1867
1776: The Second Continental Congress took a momentous step, voting to declare independence from Britain
1861: Czar Alexander II emancipates Russian serfs
1861: The American Civil War begins. The four-year battle between North and South will lead to the end of slavery in the United States
1500s-1600s: Scientific Revolution
1792: Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
1700s: Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavioisier built the framework for modern chemistry
1871-1914: The business man August Thyssen built a small steel factory of 70 workers into a giant empire with 50,000 employees
1839: China and Britain clash in the Opium War
1852: Louis Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor becoming Napoleon III
1822: San Martín stepped aside, letting Bolívar's forces win the final victories against Spain
1848: Revolts in Paris again unleashed a tidal wave of revolution across Europe. For opponents of the old order, it was a time of such hope that they called it the "springtime of the peoples."
1789: The United States Constitution is ratified
1848: Leadership of the Risorgimento, or Italian nationalist movement, passed to the kingdom of Sardinia
1898: The new German empire jumped onto the bandwagon, hoping to increase its influence in the region by building a Berlin-to-Baghdad railway
1825: Trade unions were made legal
1822: Bolívar had succeeded in freeing Caracas, Venezuela
1871: Thee journalist Henry Stanley trekked into Central Africa to find Dr. David Livingstone, who had not been heard from for years. Tracked him down to now-day Tanzania
1842: The Treaty of Ninjing gives Britain trading rights in China
1788: France was teetering on the verge of Bankruptcy
1814: The Congress of Vienna begins
1914: France was the largest democratic country in Europe, with a constitution that protected basic rights
1849: Muhammad Ali dies
1850: The death penalty was reserved for murder, piracy, treason, and arson
1805: Napoleon prepared to invade England. But at the Battle of Trafalgar, fought off the southwest coast of Spain, British admiral Horatio Nelson smashed a French fleet
1914: The Panama Canal opens
1820-1848: Nationalist revolts exploded across the region. Each time, Austria sent in troops to crush the rebels
1905: In East Africa, the Germans fought wars against people like the Yao and Herero. Fighting was especially fierce in the Maji-Maji Rebellion
1906: Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals
1857: The British issued new rifles to the sepoys. Troops were told to bite off the tips of cartridges before loading them into the rifles. The cartridges, however, were greased with animal fat
August 1791: The King of Prussia and the emperor of Austria issued the Declaration of Pilnitz. In this document, the two monarchs threatened to intervene to protect the French monarchy
1831: Giuseppe Mazzini founds a secret society called Young Italy. The society encourages Italian unification
1805: The Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon had won a crushing victory against an Austro-Russian army of superior numbers
1839: French Inventor Louis Daguerre perfects an effective method of photography
1899: a group of Chinese had formed a secret society, the Righteous Harmonious Fists. Westerners watching them train in the martial arts dubbed them Boxers
1876: The Scottish-born American inventor Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone.
1825: Most of Latin America had been freed from colonial rule
1700s: Rococo style began to replace Baroque style
March 1770: British soldiers in Boston opened fire on a crowd that was pelting them with stones and snowballs. Colonists called the death of five protesters the "Boston Massacre."
1816: San Martin, a general, helped Argentina win freedom from Spain
1861: Cavour died
1808: The spark that finally ignited widespread rebellion in Latin America was Napoleon's invasion of Spain
1600s: British East India Company won trading rights on the fringe of the Mughal empire
1751-1789: The philosophe Denis Diderot published the Encyclopedia, and it was reprinted 20,000 times between these years
1870-1914: Imperialist nations gained control over a lot of the world
1812: Napoleon invades Russia
1864: Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria. They seized Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark
1830(s): French revolutionaries battle the King's troops in the streets of Paris
1875: The ruler of Egypt was unable to repay loans he had contracted for the canal and other modernization projects. To pay his debts, he was forced to sell his shares in the canal
1870: Moderate Irish nationalists found a rousing leader in Charles Stewart Parnell. He rallied Irish members of Parliament to press for home rule, or local self-government
1870: A group of painters took art in a new direction, seeking to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object on the viewer's eye, called impressionism
1769: Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica
1868: Although Japan lacked many basic resources, it industrialized rapidly
1898: French novelist Émile Zola joined the battle. In an article headlined J'Accuse! (I accuse!), he charged the army and government with suppressing the truth
1715-1774: Louis XV ruled France; he pursued pleasure before business
1889: Germany legalizes labor unions
1893: New Zealand is the first nation to give women the vote
1794-1925: The Qajar shahs ruled Iran
1795: Napoleon crushes rebels opposed to the National Convention
1845: Ireland's Great Hunger begins, leading to wide-spread death and disease and mass emigration
1819: Simón Bolívar, later known as "The Liberator" seizes Bogota from the Spanish. He establishes Gran Colombia
1909: Jeanne-Elizabeth Schmahl founded the French Union for Women's Suffrage. Rejecting the radical tactics used in Britain, Schmahl favored legal protests
1862: King William I made Bismarck his chancellor
1769: Scottish engineer James Watt improved on Newcomen's engine. Watt's engines would become a key power source of the Industrial Revolution
October 1791: The newly elected Legislative Assembly took office
1750: A string of 13 prosperous colonies stretched along the eastern coast of North America
1800(s): The Italian scientist Alessandro Volta developed the first battery
1815: Milos Obrenovic led the Serbs in a second, more successful rebellion. One reason for the success was that Obrenovic turned to Russia for assistance
1821: The Greeks revolted, seeking to end centuries of Ottoman rule
1884: European nations carve up Africa at the Berlin Conference. No Africans are invited
1829: Parliament passed the Catholic Emancipation Act, which allowed Irish Catholics to vote and hold political office
1709: Abraham Darby used coal to smelt iron, or separate iron from its ore
1914: Italy was significantly better off than it had been in 1861. But it was hardly prepared for the great war that broke out in that year and into which it was soon drawn
1775: Conflicts triggered the American Revolution
1889: Social and political turmoil led Brazil to become a republic
1908: Eventually, international outrage forced Leopold to turn over his colony to the Belgian government. It became the Belgian Congo
1800(s): Western Europe's new upper class included superrich industrial and business families as well as the old nobility
1871: German nationalists celebrated the birth of the Second Reich. They called it that because they considered it heir to the Holy Roman Empire
1871: The house of Krupp boomed in Germany
1807-1812: Napoleon made important territorial changes in German-speaking lands. He annexed lands along the Rhine River for France. He dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and organized a number of German states into the Rhine Confederation
1776: Common Sense was a pamphlet published by Thomas Paine in North America calling them to declare independence from Britain
1860: In the 1860s, Napoleon tried to place Maximilian, an Austrian Hapsburg prince, on the throne of Mexico
1821: Mexico wins independence from Spain
1804-1813: The Serb leader Karageorge led a guerrilla war against the Ottomans
1900: American industry leads the world in production
1880s: The average German steel mill produced less than five million metric tons of steel a year
1787: British organized Sierra Leone in West Africa as a colony for former slaves
1700s: John Wesley had founded the Methodist Church
1808: Napoleon replaced the king of Spain with his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte
1886: Karl Benz received a patent for the first automobile, which had three wheels
1866: Bismarck invented an excuse to attack Austria. The Austro-Prussian War lasted just seven weeks and ended in a decisive Prussian victory
1830(s): Protesters known as Chartists drew up the People's Charter. This petition demanded universal male suffrage, annual parliamentary elections, and salaries for members of Parliament
1857: The Sepoy Rebellion breaks out in India. At the battle of Cawnpore, Indian cavalry charges a British line
1830-1833: In Principles of Geology, Charles Lyell offered evidence to show that the Earth had formed over millions of years
1700s: Serfdom was very firmly rooted in Russia
1830(s): Greece becomes independent
1777-1778: Continental troops at Valley Forge suffered from cold, hunger, and disease
1883: A force for reform was the Fabian Society, a socialist organization
1831: Belgium became an independent state with a liberal constitution
1885: Construction begins on the parliament building in Budapest. Although Austria and Hungary have been united under the Dual Monarchy since 1867, each state has its own parliament.
1870: French chemist Louis Pasteur clearly show the link between microbes and disease
1800(s): What we call "big business" came to dominate industry. Large-scale companies such as steel foundries needed so much capital that they sold hundreds of thousands of shares
1800(s): Nationalism rises in Germany. The folk tales collected by Jacob and William Grimm were one attempt to foster a common German heritage
1796-1797: Napoleon becomes commander in chief of the army of Italy; wins victories against Austria
1760: George III began a 60-year reign.
1901: Edward VII inherits the British throne
1846: Parliament finally repealed the Corn Laws
1793: A committee of the National Convention declared that women lacked "the moral and physical strength necessary to practice political rights." Women's revolutionary clubs were banned and violators were arrested
1855: Led by Cavour, Sardinia joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia. Sardinia did not win territory, but it did have a voice at the peace conference. Sardinia also gained the attention of Napoleon III
1900: Italy began to develop economically
1898: a young emperor, Guang Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform
1789: Half of France's tax income went just to pay interest on this enormous debt
1815: Britain was a constitutional monarchy with a parliament and two political parties
1763: Britain had developed a more powerful navy then France
1908: Ci Xi died
1842: Mine owners were forbidden to employ women or children under age 10
1800(s): Romanticism shapes western art and literature. Painters like J.M.W. Turner seek to glorify nature and stir powerful emotions.
1820: Reformers pushed to end religious restrictions. After fierce debate, Parliament finally granted Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants equal political rights
1781: The British army surrenders to the Americans after the Battle of Yorktown
1890: William II shocked Europe by asking the dominating Bismarck to resign
1721-1742: the able Whig leader Robert Walpole molded the cabinet into a unified body, requiring all members to agree on major issues
1903: Wilbur and Orville Wright demonstrate the first airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
1900: The Boxers attacked foreigners across China. In response, the western powers and Japan organized a multinational forc
1908: the Young Turks overthrew the sultan, but bqore they could achieve their planned reforms, however, the Ottoman empire was plunged into the world war
1910: Constance Lytton went on a hunger strike for women's suffrage
1848: Delegates from German states met in the Frankfurt Assembly
1762: Catherine II becomes empress of Russia
1894: Japanese pressure on China led to the Sino-Japanese War. It ended in disaster for China, with Japan gaining the island of Taiwan off the coast of China
1804: Haiti declares independence from France
1848: In Seneca Falls, New York, Mott and Stanton organized the first women's rights convention
1800(s): the Qing dynasty was in decline
1793: Louis XVI was beheaded in January; Marie was beheaded in October;
1800(s): Mid-1800s, Romanticism was replaced by realism
1867: The United States bought Alaska from Russia
1848: Parliament had rejected the Chartist demand for universal male suffrage
1920: After a long struggle, American suffragists finally won the vote in 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment went into effect (only applies to women)
1840's: Karl Marx, a German philosopher, condemned the ideas of the Utopians as unrealistic idealism. He put forward a new theory, "scientific socialism,"
1787: America met in secret to hammer out the Constitution of the United States
1790: France was debating ways to abolish slavery in the West Indies
1799-1815: Napoleon's reign
1815: Britain had acquired the Cape Colony from the Dutch
1798: Thomas Malthus published his "Essay on the Principle of Population.
1870's: the American inventor Thomas Edison made the first electric light bulb. Soon, Edison's "incandescent lamps" illuminated whole cities
1898: The United States annexed the Hawaiian Islands
1600s-1700s: Arts began to evolve to meet changing tastes
1889: Boer War erupts in South Africa
1821: Napoleon dies
1830(s): Polish students, army officers, and landowners rose in revolt. The rebels failed to gain widespread support, however, and were brutally crushed by Russian forces
1800(s): A few brave women overcame opposition to train as doctors or lawyers. Others became explorers, researchers, or inventors, often without recognition
1812: Britain and France seized neutral ships suspected of trading with the other side. British attacks on American ships sparked anger in the United States and eventually triggered the War of 1812
1736: Qianlong begins a 60-year reign as emperor of China
1830(s): The world's first major rail line, from Liverpool to Manchester, opened in England
1777: The Americans triumphed over the British at the Battle of Saratoga
1866: The Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, an explosive much safer than others used at the time
1789-1791: National assembly (constitutional monarchy)
1799: Napoleon overthrows the Directory and becomes the First Consul of France
1803: Napoleon's decision to sell France's vast Louisiana Territory to the American government doubled the size of the United States and ushered in an age of American expansion
1900: The women's suffrage movement begins to grow in Britain
1807: Britain became the first leading European power to abolish the slave trade
1914: World War I began
1912: Social Democratic party had more seats in the Reichstag than were held by any other party
1848: Marx and Engels wrote a pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto
1861-1865: The Civil War divided families as well as a nation. The confederacy surrendered in 1865
1830(s): Charles X was a strong believer in absolutism. In July 1830, he suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press
1850: Taiping Rebellion begins in China
1896: New evidence pointed to another officer, Ferdinand Esterhazy, as the spy. Still, the army refused to grant Dreyfus a new trial
1807: British mechanic William Cockerill opened factories in Belgium to manufacture spinning and weaving machines
1849: The assembly was dissolved, under threat from the Prussian military
1748: Baron de Montesquieu published The Spirit of the Laws
1600s: Thomas Hobbes and John Locke set forth ideas that were to become the key to Enlightenment
1789: After a battle with royal troops, Parisians capture the Bastille on July 14th
1897: Theodor Herzl organizes the First Zionist Congress for the purpose of founding a Jewish State
1830(s): Russian support helped the Serbs win autonomy within the Ottoman Empire
1707: The Act of Union unites England and Scotland. The British flag uses symbols from each country's flag to show unity
1871: Germany becomes Europe's leading industrial power
1830-1855: An American dentist first used an anesthetic
1793: China rejects British trade offer
1890: A group of liberals formed a movement called the Young Turks. They insisted that reform was the only way to save the empire.
1794: Robespierre was arrested and beheaded the next day
1862: Bismarck delivers his "blood and iron" speech
1900: Reformers known as Progressives again pressed for change. They sought laws to ban child labor, limit working hours, regulate monopolies, and give voters more power
1789: The Constitution became the supreme law of America
1888: William II succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser
1820: Several thousand British colonists settle in South Africa
1863: The British reformer Emily Davies campaigned for female students to be allowed to take the entrance examinations for Cambridge University
1847: Liberia became an independent republic.
1840's: A few small colleges for women opened, including Bedford College in England and Mount Holyoke in the United States
1721: Johann Sebastian Bach publishes his Brandenburg Concertos. Bach composes music for the harpsichord and for many other instruments.
1880s: Steel had replaced steam as the great symbol of the Industrial Revolution
1830(s): News of the Paris uprising that toppled Charles X ignited a revolutionary spark in Belgium
1861: Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of Italy
1847: A law limited women and children to a 10-hour day
1788: Cabinet rule was restored during the crisis of leadership during George III reign
1815: Father Jose Morelos was captured and shot
1900: Manufacturers introduced another new method of production, the assembly line
1871: The newly elected National Assembly accepted a harsh peace with Germany
1900: The American Henry Ford started making models that reached the breathtaking speed of 25 miles an hour. He began using the assembly line to mass-produce cars
1833: Parliament passed a law banning slavery in all British colonies
1880s: The German doctor Robert Koch identified the bacteria that caused tuberculosis, a respiratory disease that claimed about 30 million human lives
1901: Marconi transmitted a radio message from Britain to Canada, using Morse's dot-and-dash code
1789: Parisians storm the Bastille
1809: The Austrians sought revenge. But once again, Napoleon triumphed—this time at the battle of Wagram
1830(s): Whigs and Tories were battling over a bill to reform Parliament
1798: The rebels achieved their goal; enslaved Haitians had been freed
1712: Inventor Thomas Newcomen had developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines
1852: Victor Emmanuel made Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister
1861: Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's Husband dies
1890: Germans had health and accident insurance as well as old-age insurance to provide retirement benefits
1909: British coal miners had won an eight-hour day, setting a standard for workers in other countries
1850: the East India Company made several unpopular moves. First, it required sepoys. Second, it passed a law that allowed Hindu widows to remarry.
1906: A French court finally cleared Dreyfus of all charges and restored his honors
1868: Parliament ended public hangings
1914: Parliament passed a home rule bill. But it delayed putting the new law into effect when World War I broke out that year
1776: American leaders adopted the Declaration of Independence
1844: An American inventor, Samuel F. B. Morse, developed the telegraph, which could send coded messages over wires by means of electricity
1846: the United States had expanded to include Florida, Oregon, and the Republic of Texas
1800(s): Nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell, nicknamed "the Liberator," organized an Irish Catholic League and held mass meetings to demand repeal of unfair laws
1810: Father Miguel Hidalgo urges Mexicans to fight for independence from Spain
1780: Tupac Amaru organized a Native American revolt. A large army crushed the rebels and captured and killed their leader
1837-1901: the great symbol in British life was Queen Victoria
1805: Haiti declares independence from France
1846-1848: The Mexican War added California and the Southwest
1896: When Italy invaded Ethiopia, Menelik was prepared. At the battle of Adowa, the Ethiopians smashed the Italian invaders
1801: Napoleon made peace with the Catholic Church in the Concordat of 1801
1921: The southern counties of Ireland finally became independent
June 1791: Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI try to escape from Paris
1917: Russian socialists embraced Marxism, and the Russian Revolution of 1917 set up a communist-inspired government
1802: Napoleon Bonaparte sent a large army to re-conquer Haiti. Toussaint urged Haitians once again to take up arms, this time to fight for full independence from France. Later, they made a truce
1790: Civil Constitution of the Clergy declared bishops and priests became elected, salaried officials
1887: Gottlieb Daimler introduced the first four-wheeled automobile
1830(s): Prussia created an economic union called the Zollverein. It dismantled tariff barriers between many German states.
1859: Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species. His theory of evolution is denounced by many religious leaders
1860: Abraham Lincoln was elected president. Lincoln opposed extending slavery into new territories
1871: An uprising broke out in Paris. Rebels set up the Paris Commune. Like the radical government during the French Revolution, its goal was to save the Republic from royalists
1815: Napoleon abdicates after British and Prussian forces defeat him at Waterloo. The Duke of Wellington is the victorious British general
1785: Napoleon becomes an officer in the French army
1905: The government closed Church schools, along with many convents and monasteries. In 1905, it passed a law to separate church and state and stopped paying the salaries of the clergy

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