BMB exam #1
Terms
undefined, object
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- study of matter
- chemistry
- anything that has mass and takes up space
- matter
- a constant ( the force one exerts)
- mass
- matter can neither be created nor destroyed
- Law of COnservation of Mass
- state of matter that has deff shape and volume
- solid
- state of matter that has indeff. shape and deff volume
- liquid
- state of matter that has indeff shape and volume
- gas
- name the 5 physical properties of matter
- density, color, state, melting pt., boiling pt.
- physical changes in matter are
- changes in the state ( solid liquid gas)
- chemical reactions that a particular type of matter may undergo are
- chemical properties
- what are the 3 points of chemical changes?
- -they are the results of chemical reactions - some matter gets used up - some matter gets formed
- put into scientific notation: 37.5
- 3.75 x 10^1
- put into scientific notation: 629000
- 6.29 x 10^5
- put into scientific notation: 4248000000
- 4.248 x 10^9
- put into scientific notation:0.00091
- 9.1 x 10 ^-4
- put into scientific notation: 0.0000000000208
- 2.08 x 10^-11
- put into scientific notation:7.62 x 10^-4
- 0.000762
- put into scientific notation: 9.1 x 10^8
- 910000000
- what is the metric unit for mass?
- gram (g)
- what is the metric unit for volume?
- liter (L)
- what is the metric unit for length?
- meter (m)
- (G) 10^9
- Giga
- (M) 10^6
- Mega
- (k) 10^3
- Kilo
- (d) 10^-1
- Deci
- (c) 10^-2
- Centi
- (m) 10^-3
- Milli
- (u) 10^-6
- Micro
- (n) 10^-9
- Nano
- 1 ml = ?
- 1 cm^3
- cm^3=?
- cc
- cc=?
- ml
- 1 L h2o=?
- 1000g or 1kg
- 2 major areas of atomic structure?
- nucleus and orbitals
- thsi is the core, the center of the structure
- nucleus
- what does the nucleus contain?
-
*protons ( positive charge )
weighs 1.67x10^-24g=1amu
*neutrons ( no charge, neutral ) mass is 1 amu - what does the orbitals contain?
- electrons ( negatively charged ) mass = 1/1837 amu
- why are all atoms of the periodic table neutral?
- b/c the # of p = # of e
- what is it called when the atoms may gain or loose electrons?
- ionization
- what are negatively charged ions called?
- anions
- what are positively charged ions called?
- cations
- what is the atomic #?
- the # of protons, it identifies the element!
- what is the mass #?
-
the sum of p + n
mass#=whole# - the average of all the mass numbers for different isotopes of a particular atom
- atomic weight
- these have the same #p, but different #n,
- isotopes
- isotopes have very _____ nuclei, which demonstrates ________
- unstable, radioactivity
- the changes that occur in the nucleus
- radiation
-
what is this an example of?
2p + 2n from nucleus - alpha particles
-
what is this an example of?
n--->p + e- - beta particles
-
what is this an example of?
electromagnetic radiation(x-rays) - gamma radiation
- changes in orbitals (e-) of an atom
- chemical activity
- How is the periodic table arranged?
-
in periods (rows)(horizontal)
+
in columns (groups)(verticle) - elements within a group behave________
- similarly
- how many periods are there?
- 7
- as you go from left to right and top to bottom the mass________
- increases
- what are the 4 classes of elements?
- metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble/inert gases
- what class of elements are: shiny, conductive, malleable, ductile, tends to give electrons
- metals
- what class of elements are: not conductive, not malleable, have a tendency to accept electrons
- non-metals
- what class of elements are: similar to some metals and non-metals, intermediate qualities
- metalloids
- what class of elements are: "motionless", non reactant and very stable
- noble/inert gasses
- the amount of energy required to remove e-'s from an atom (decreases as it goes down the group)
- ionization energy
- metals had very ____ ionization energy
- low
- where are the electrons found?
- arranged in shells
- this shell is the smallest and contains electrons of the lowest amt of energy
- shell #1
- what identifies how many shells an element contains?
- the period #
- each # 1 shell contains how many orbitals?
- less than or equal to 1
- what designates the shell?
- a number
- what designates an orbital?
- a letter
- which shell is the simplest and smallest and has lowest energy?
- shell #1
- what does the shell #1 contain?
- one 1S orbital (S orbitals are spherical in shape)
- What does the #2 shell contain?
- one 2S orbital and three 2P orbitals (figure eight shape)
- What does the #3 shell contain?
-
one 3S orbital
three 3P orbitals
five 3d orbitals - what is the max # of electrons every orbital can have?
- 2
- paired electrons are______ and _____
- stable and nonreactive
- what is the electron capacity for #1 shell?
- 2 e-'s
- what is the electron capacity for #2 shell?
- 8 e-'s
- what is the electron capacity for #3 shell?
- 18 e-'s
- electrons of the outer most shells are called what?
- valence electrons
- if the outer most shell is filled, it is
- non-reactive
- if the outer most shell is not filled it is
- reactive
- this uses dots to show electrons of the outer shell
- Lewis Structure
- what kind of electron configuration do elements of the same group have?
- same config.
- this states that generally atoms have a tendency to react(bond) in such a way to achieve 8 e-'s in the outer most shell
- Octet Rule
- what are the 2 general types of elements?
- representative and transition
- these elements behave reactivly based apon the octet rule, and have incomplete outer shells until you get to the inert gases(which are complete) and they all have complete inner shells
- representative elements
- these have less than or equal to 1 unfilled inner shells
- transition elements
- this bond is the transfer of 1 or more electrons
- ionic bond
- this bond is one that shares electrons
- covalent bonds
- what are the types of covalent bonds?
- single, double and triple
- this type of covalent bond shares the electrons equally
- non-polar
- this type of covalent bond shares the electrons unequally
- polar
- this is attraction for electrons being shared in a bond
- electronegativity
- what is electronegativity due to?
- the attraction to protons in the nucleus
- why does electronegativity increase from left to right?
- b/c nuclear charge is increasing from left to right
- electronegativity decreases from____ to ____
- top to bottom
- what is the most electromagnetic element?
- Flourine ( F )
- how is bond type predicted?
- by electronegativity difference
- results of electronegative difference is greater than 1.9 it is
- an ionic bond
- results of electronegative difference is 0.5-1.9 it is
- a polar covalent bond
- results of electronegative difference is less than 0.5 it is
- a non polar covalent bond
-
what is the bond type?
C-H -
C-H
2.5 2.1 --> 2.5-2.1= 0.4 so it is non polar covalent! -
what is the bond type?
O-H -
O-H
3.5 2.1 --> 3.5-2.1 = 1.4 so it is polar covalent! -
what is the bond type?
NaCl -
NaCl
3.0 0.9 --> 3.0-0.9 = 2.1 so it is an ionic bond! - "valence shell electron pair repulsion"
- vsepr
- what does vsepr state?
-
like charges repel
regions of electron density seperate as far away as possible - What is the predicted bond angle and molecular shape if there are 4 regions of electron density?
-
109.5 C
Tetrahedral - What is the predicted bond angle and molecular shape if there are 3 regions of electron density?
-
120 C
trigonal planar - What is the predicted bond angle and molecular shape if there are 2 regions of electron density?
-
180 C
linear - These molecules are lipids, mostly C-H, have no charges, and are hydrphobic
- non-polar molecules
- this ion is positivly charged, and losses electrons
- cations
- this ion is negativly charged and gains electrons
- anion
- NH4+
- ammonium
- OH-
- Hydroxide
- NO3-
- Nitrate
- CO3 2-
- carbonate
- HCO3-
- bicarbonate
- SO4 2-
- sulfate
- PO4 3-
- phosphate
- this compound is made up of 2 elements, and it is joined by ionic bonds
- Binary ionic compounds
- naming the binary ionic compound
-
metal anion
-gives off e-'s -name 2nd
-so it is a cation -ide
-named 1st (element name) - name this binary ionic compound: LiCl
- lithium chloride
- name this binary ionic compound: NaBr
- sodium bromide
- name this binary ionic compound: CaF
- calcium Fluoride
- name this binary ionic compound: MgO
- magnessium oxide
- name this binary ionic compound: FeCo3
- iron carbonate
- NaNo3
- sodium nitrate
- made up of 2 elements joined by covalent bonds
- binary molecular compound
- how do u name the binary molecular compound?
-
name the less electronagative element 1st, name the more electronegative element 2nd,
use the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-,penta-, hexa- - what charge does a proton have?
- positive
- Name this binary molecular compound: N2O3
- dinitrogen trioxide
- Name this binary molecular compound: CCL4
- carbon tetrachloride
- this is the sum of all the atomic weights in a molecular formula
- formula/molecular weight
- formula weight of any substance in grams
- mole
- number used in calculating moles?
- avogadro's number ( 6.02 x 10^23 )
- 1 mole H2O = ?
- 18g
- 1 mole H2 = ?
- 2g
- calculate the molecular weight of C2H5OH
-
c2 H5 OH
(2)(12)(6)(1)(1)(16)
46g
46g ethanol/1mole ethanol - what is REDOX?
- oxidation reduction reaction
-
loss of electrons
loss of H's
gain of O's - oxidation
-
gain of electrons
gain of H's
loss of O's - reduction
- these 2 always occur at the same time
- oxidationa nd reduction
- when an element is oxidized (and looses e-'s) it is called the
- reducing agent
- when an element is reduced at it gains electrons, it is called the
- oxidizing agent
- what are teh 3 examples of REDOX?
- combustion, rusting,respiration, and bleaching
- what is heat measured in?
- calories
- 1 cal = ?
- the amt of heat neede to increase temp of 1 g h2o to 1 C
- this reaction gives off heat
- exothermic
- this reaction absorbs heat
- endothermic
- this reaction gives off energy
- exergonic
- this reaction absorbs energy
- endergonic