Medical Terminology Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal System
Terms
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- anatomical position
- base position for health professions when describing planes positions or directions
- body planes
- reference planes for indicating the locations or direction of body parts
- coronal or frontal plane
- vertical division of the body into front and back
- sagittal plane
- place vertical division of the body into right and left portion
- transverse plane
- horizontal division of the body into upper and lower potions
- anterior (A) (ventral)
- front of the body
- posterior (P) (dorsal)
- back of the body
- anterior-posterior (AP)
- from front to back
- posterior-anterior (PA)
- from back to front
- superior (cephalic)
- situated above another structure; towards the head
- inferior (caudal)
- situated below another structure; away from the head
- proximal
- toward the beginning or origin of a structure
- distal
- away from the beginning or origin of a structure
- medial
- toward the middle
- lateral
- toward the side
- axis
- line that runs through the center of the body or body part
- erect
- normal standing position
- decubitus
- lying down
- prone
- lying face down
- recumbent
- lying down
- flexion
- bending at the joint so the angle between bones is decreases
- extenrion
- straitening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
- abduction
- movement away from the body
- adduction
- movement toward the body
- rotation
- circular movement around an axis
- eversion
- turning outward
- inversion
- turning inward
- supination
- turning upward or forward of the palmer surface
- pronation
- turning downward or backward of the palmer surface
- dorsiflexion
- bending of the foot or toes upward
- plantar flexion
- bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
- range of motion (ROM)
- total motion possible in a joint
- goniometer
- instrument used to measure joint angles
- arthralgia
- joint pain
- atrophy
- shrinking of tissue
- crepitation
- grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bone
- crepitus
- grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bone
- exostosis
- a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
- flaccid
- flabby, relaxed, or having defective of absent muscle tone
- hypertrophy
- increase in the size of muscle
- hypotonia
- reduced muscle tension
- myodynia myalgia
- muscle pain
- myodynia myoalgia
- muscle pain
- rigor or rigidity
- stiffness; stiff muscle
- spasm
- drawing in; involuntary muscle contraction
- spastic
- uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements
- tetany
- tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
- tremor
- shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
- ankylosis
- stiff joint condition
- arthritis
- inflammation of the joints
- osteoarthritis, degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease (DJD)
- most common arthritis, especially affecting weight-bearing joints characterized by erosion of articular cartilage
- rheumatoid arthritis
- most crippling form of arthritis, characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes, causing ankylosis and deformity
- gouty arthritis
- acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint caused by hyperuricemia (excessive uric acid in the blood)
- sequestrum, bony necrosis
- bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply
- bunion
- swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
- bursistis
- inflammation of the bursa
- chondromalacia
- softening of cartilage
- epiphysitis
- inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
- fracture (Fx)
- broken or cracked bone
- closed fracture
- broken bone with no open wound
- open fracture
- compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
- simple fracture
- a nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair
- complex fracture
- a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
- fracture line
- the line of the break in a broken bone (oblique, spiral, transverse)
- comminuted fracture
- broken in many pieces
- greenstick fracture
- bending and incomplete break of a bone – most often seen in children
- herniated disk or disc
- protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented invertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
- myeloma
- bone marrow tumor
- myositis
- inflammation of the muscle
- myoma
- muscle tumor
- leiomynoma
- smooth muscle tumor
- leiomyosarcoma
- malignant smooth muscle tumor
- rhabdomyoma
- skeletal muscle tumor
- rhabdomysarcoma
- malignant skeletal muscle tumor
- muscular dystrophy
- a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscle (Duchene’s)
- osteoma
- bone tumor
- osteosarcoma
- type of malignant bone tumor
- osteomalacia
- disease marked by softening of the bone casued by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
- rickets
- osteomalacia in children
- osteomyelitis
- infection of bone and bone marrow causing inflammation
- osteoporosis
- condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become more brittle
- spinal curvatures
- spinal curvatures
- kyphosis
- abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back)
- lordosis
- abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine
- scoliosis
- abnormal lateral curve (s shaped)
- spondylolisthesis
- forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
- spondylosis
- stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae
- sprain
- injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation of fracture
- subluxation
- a partial dislocation
- tendonitis, tendonitis
- inflammation of a tendon
- electromyogram (EMG)
- a neurodiagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity of the muscle at rest and during contraction
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- non ionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio frequencies to visualize anatomic structures
- nuclear medicine imaging, radionuclide organ imaging
- injected or ingested radioacticty for visualizing structures
- bone scan
- a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a problem
- radiography
- an imaging modality using x-ray to diagnose conditions or impairments some where in the body
- arthrogram
- a radiograph of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium
- computed tomography (CT), computed axial tomography (CAT)
- radiological procedure using a machine scanner to take a series of cross-sectional x-ray images in a full circle rotation
- sonography
- use of high frequency sounds waves to make an image of tissues or structures
- amputation
- partial or complete removal of a limb; AKA, above knee amputation, or BKA, below knee amputation
- arthrocentesis
- puncture for aspiration of a joint
- arthrodesis
- binding or fusing of joint surfaces
- arthroplasty
- repair or reconstruction of a joint
- arthroscopy
- procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint form within
- bone grafting
- transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
- bursectomy
- excision of a bursa
- open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)
- internal surgical repair of a facture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them into place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins
- osteotomy
- an incision into bone
- osteoplasty
- repair of bone
- spondylosyndesis
- spinal fusion
- tenotomy
- division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
- closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
- external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
- casting
- use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
- splinting
- use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part
- traction (Tx)
- application of pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position for healing
- closed reduction percutaneous fixation of a fracture
- external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position—often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
- orthosis (brace)
- use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone’s position or to provide limb support
- physical therapy (PT)
- treatment to rehabilitation patients disabled by illness or injury, including exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultra sound
- prosthesis
- an artificial replacement for a missing body part
- analgesic
- a drug the relives pain
- narcotic
- a potent analgesic with addictive properties
- anti-inflammatory
- a drug that reduces inflammation
- antipyretic
- a drug that relives fever
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
- a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties used to treat arthritis