Psych101 Exam

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Two major schools of thought: structuralism and functionalism
structuralism: analyzed consciouness into its basic elements and investigates how these elements are related
functionalism: investigates function or purpose of consciousness
William James: 1842-1910 founder of functionalism
Edward Titchener: 1892 founder of structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt: German (1832-1920) U of Leipzig, founder of psychology, def. psych as study of conscious experience
introspection: careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience
natural selection: heritable characteristics with advantage are more likely to be passed down and selected over time
James hoped to achieve the study of...: stream of consciousness, counter argued structuralists were looking at static elements
behaviorism: theoretical orientation based on premise that scientific study should only be on observable behavior
John B Watson: (1878-1958) stated behaviorism, abandon consciousness, study observable because verifiable, nature vs nurture, animal research
behavior: refers to any over (observable) response or activity by an organism
Gestalt psychology: German opposition to behaviorism, other was Freud
Sigmund Freud: psychoanalytical theory, applied to diagnose patients with mental disorders, self diagnosis
psychoanalytical theory: attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
Freud focuses: personality, motivation and abnormal behavior
B.F. Skinner: (1904-1990) behaviorist, free will is an illusion, argued unconscious events cannot be studied scientifically, emphasized environmental factors, most influential American
underlying principle of Skinner: organisms tend to repeat favorable outcomes as they tend to not repeat negative and neutral outcomes
humanism: theo. orientation emphasizes unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth
Behavioral Period: 1913, WPS, overt behavior, stimulus repsonse (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner)
Psychoanalytical Period: 1900, FJA, unconscious motives in childhood rule personality and mental disorders (Freud, Jung, Adler)
Humanistic Period: 1950, RM, humans are free with growth, diff. from animals (Rogers, Maslow)
Cognitive Period: 1950, PCS thoughts mental processes humans cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store and process information (Piaget, Chomsky, Simon)
Biological Period: 1950, OSHW, organism (animal and human) functioning can be determined in terms of their bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behavior (Olds, Sperry, Hubel, Wisel)
Evolutionary Period: 1980, DBWTC, behavior patterns evolved to solve adaptive problems, natural selection (Buss, Daly, Wilson, Cosmides, Tooby)
cognition: metnal processes involved in acquiring knowledge
Roger Sperry: 1981 research showed left and right halves of the brain are specialized to handle different types of mental tasks
psychology: science tha studes behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie behavior, and it is the profession that paplies the accumlated knowledge of this science to practical problems
research areas in psychology: developmental, social, experimental, physiological, cognitive, personality, psychometrics
professional specialities in psychology: clinical, counseling, educational/ school, industrial/organizational
goals of scientific enterprise: md, up, ac, (measurement, description, understanding, prediction, application, control)
theory: system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations, allow for descrip of behavior to understanding
steps in scientific investigation: HDCAR
1. hypothesis
2. design the study
3. collect the data
4. analyze the data, draw con
5. report the findings
survey research: involves administrating questionairres, and interviews to a large number of people
data collection techniques: procedures for making empirical observations and measurements
experiment: research method in whic hthe investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result
IV: condition/event experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable
DV: variable that's thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable
extraneous variables: any other variables other than the independent varirable that seem likely to influence the dv in a specific study
confounding: occurs when 2 variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects
experimental group: receive some special treament in regard to IV
control group: don't receive special treatment unlike given to the experimental group
theory of IV and DV: can manipulate more than 1 IV or measure more than 1 DV in experiment
pros of experiment: conclusions about cause and effect relationships can be shown
cons of experiment: artificial, can't explore research questions
correlation: 2 variables are related to eachother, strenthg 0 to 1
negative correlation: covary in oppositite direction, - sign
positive correlation: covary in same direction, + sign
prediction and correlation: as strength increases, prediction of 1 V increases
naturalistic observation: careful observation of behavior, no interact with subjects
case study: in depth investigation into a individual subject, independent
survey: researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather info about specific aspects of participants' behavior
replication: repetition of study to see duplication in results
sample: collection of subjects for study
sampling bias: sample is not representative of pop.
placebo effect: participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake or ineffectual treatment
experimenter bias: preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
theories go from ___ to: description to understanding
operational: describes the actions used to measure or control a variable
glia: cells that provide insulation, provide structural support
neurons: cells that integrate, transmite and receive info
soma: cell body contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery
dendrites: spiderlike, parts of neuron that are specialized to receive info, RECEPTOR sites
axon: long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles, glands, (impulses are trans)
myelin sheath: insulating material encases axons, fatty substance; speeds up transmission of signals along axon, less shealth less signal
terminal buttons: knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
multiple sclerosis: loss of muscle due to loss of myelin shealth
synapse: junction where info is transmitted from one neuron to another (terminal button)
vary in size and shape, densely interconnected: neurons
neural impluse: neuron's stimulated, nature of the signal
Hodgkin and Huxley: 1952, neural impulse, electrochemical, squid large, inside & outside fluids, resting potential
resting potential: of a neuron is its stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive, -70 militvolts, 1/20 flashlight battery
ions: electrically charged atoms and molecules, inside and outside the atom
differences in flow rates...: lead to a higher concentration of negatively charged ions inside the cell
action potential: voltage at constant, no messages are being sent, very brief shift in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along an axon
lock and key mechanism: where sites are tuned to recognize and respond to some neurotransmitters but not to others
neurotransmitters are released when: syn. vesicle unites with the membrance of the presynaptic cell and its concents spill into the synaptic cleft
cell to cell messaging: inhibitory and excitatory
excitatory PSP: positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that posynaptic neuron will fire action potentials
inhibitory PSP: negative voltage shift that decrease the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials
when a neurotransmitter and a receptor molecule combine reactions in the cell membrance: cause a PSP
posynaptic potential PSP: a voltage change at a receptor site on a posynaptic cell membrace, either E or I
PSPs increase/decrease the: probability of a neural impulse in the receiving cell
2 Types of PSP messages: excitatory and inhibitory
direc. of voltage, nature of PSP (in. or excitatory) depends on..: where the receptor sites are activated
reuptake: process where NT's sponged up from synpatic cleft by the presynaptic membrane
synpatic transmission: SRRIB (synthesis, storage, release of NTs, RUPtake, Inactivation (enzyme) removal (drift away), binding of neurotransmitters
how many neurotransmitters are there?: 9 well known, 40 that function PT (neuropeptide)
acetylcholine (ACh): skeletal muscles, attent, arousual and memory, some recep. by nicotine
dopamine (DA): cont. voluntary movement, emotions, cocaine and amphetamines elevate DA synapses (low parkinson's and high schizo)
serotonin: sleep, wakefulness, eating, aggression, dep, OCD, SSTi's like prozac affect here
endorphins: internally produced chemical sthat resmeble opiates in structure and effects
agonist: chemical mimics the actions of the neurotransmitter
antagonist: chemical refutes teh action of the neurotransmitter
monomaines: 3 NT's, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin DNS, everyday behavior
human nervous system is divided into...: central and peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system (PNS): made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord
nerves: bundles of neuron fibers (axons)
PNS can be subdivided into: somatic and automatic nervous system
somatic nervous system SNS: made of nerves connecting to voluntary skeletal muscles, sensory receptors
afferent nerve fibers: axons carry info into CNS from peripherary
effervent nerve fibers: axons carry info away from CNS to peripherary
automatic nervous system (ANS): nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands
ANS divides into: sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
sympathetic: part of ANS mobilizes body's resources for emergencies, fight or flight response MOBILIIZE
parasympathetic: part of ANS conserves body resources, save & store energy CONSERVE
CNS central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
CT: computerized tomography, X ray of brain structure
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, uses magnetic fields, radio waves and computers to map out brain structures
PET: position emission tomography, color coded, radioactive markers to map out chemical activity
fMRI: functional MRI monitors blood and oxygen flow
3 divisions of brain: hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain
hindbrain: cerebrum, medulla and pons (2 located below)
medulla: regulates unconscious funtions (breathing, maintaining muscle tone, circulation)
pons: bridge of fibers, sleep and arousal
cerebrum: (little brain) coordinates fine movement and balance
midbrain: area regulates intregating sensory processes like vision and hearing
reticular formation: contributes to modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing, pain, sleep & wakefulness
forebrain: largest and most complex part of the brain
cerebral cortex: convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum
thalamus: structure in the forebrain through which all sensory info (no smell) must pass to arrive at cerebral cortex; made of somas
hypothalamus: invovled in reg. of basic biological needs, four F's
limbic system: loosely connected network of strcutres located along border between cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas
hippocampus: part of limbic system involved in learning, memory
amygdala: fear responses here
cerebral hemisphere: right and left halves of the cerebrum disc. by Roger Sperry
corpus callosum: major structure that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres
chromosomes: threadlike strands of DNA molecules that carry genetic information
polygenic traits: characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes
genes: DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission
family studies: researches asses hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait
twin studies: researches assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trai
adoption studies: look at relationships between the children and their parents
fitness: refers to the reproductive success (number of descendants) of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population
variations in reproductive success: fuel evoltionary change
adaptation: inherited characteristic that increased in a population though natural selection because it helps solve a problem of survial or reproduction during the time it emerged
occipital love: VISION, back of head, includes the cortical area where most visual signals are send and visual processing is begun, primary visual cortex
parietal lobe: sense of touch

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