Bell 4 Bio Exam
Terms
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- phospholipids
- the cell membrane is made up of
- phagocytosis
- "cell eating" when substance take in is large (like food, or another cell... bacterial cells for example are consumed by WBC "macrophages" using _____)
- kilo
- metric system symbol: k
- endergonic
- condensation synthesis is ...
- schleiden
- german botanist who proposed all plants are made of cells in 1838
- how to calculate magnification
- eyepiece x objective magnification
- nucleoplasm
- liquid which fills the nucleus
- hydrophillic
- attracted to water
- publication/communication
- scientific method step 8
- receptor mediated
- caused by receptor cells on the cell membrane which allow the cell to bring in groups of molecules attached to the receptor
- 3 fatty acids; 1 glycerol
- triglycerides are formed from condensation synthesis between _ __ __ and _ ___
- ph
- each enzyme has an optimal __
- atomic mass number
- number of protons and neutrons
- polar
- alcohol is polar/nonpolar?
- organelle
- specialized structure that performs important functions in the cell
- lysosome
- membrane sac filled w/ enzymes
- triglyceride
- formed during condensation synthesis between 3 fatty acids and 1 alcohol
- active site
- site where enzyme bonds to substrate
- cell membrane
- regulates what goes in and out of the cell to maintain homeostasis
- fatty acids/amino acids
- where are carboxyl groups found?
- dependent variable
- variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable
- controlled experiment
- scientific method step 4
- sodium potassium pump
- ___ ____ _ in nerve cells (neurons): involves sodium, potassium, and ATP
- biosphere
- part of the earth that contains all living things
- fatty acids
- simplest lipid
- temperature, pH
- what 2 things can denature a protein?
- hypotonic
- in ____ solution materials inside cell membrane swell; membrane is pressed tightly against cell wall
- publication/communication
- share results; see if other scientists have come up with the same results
- carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur
- 6 most common elements in organic compounds (C.H.N.O.P.S.)
- osmosis
- movement is from the higher concentration of water to the lower concentration of water
- 5
- how many orbitals does subshell d hold?
- primary structure
- simplest; unique sequencing of amino acids
- atomic number
- number of protons
- catabolic
- when large molecules are broken down
- microtubules
- hollow, straw-like
- scientific method
- a logical method used to solve / reason problems
- selectively permeable
- certain substance pass through freely, others must be transported across either by specialized proteins or by vacuole formation
- osmosis
- this involves the movement of a solvent instead of solute through a membrane
- function of protein
- support, as in ligaments, tendons, and skin
- periods
- rows across the periodic table
- atom
- basic unit of matter
- how to calculate field diameter
- put ruler on low objective, then divide high power magnification by lower power, divide low power diameter by 4 to find high power diameter
- total microscope magnification
- (eyepiece objection) x (objective magnification) = __ ___ _____
- manipulated variable
- another term for independent variable
- vaporization
- changing state from a liquid to a gas
- centi
- metric system symbol: c
- fatty acids
- make up a carboxyl group made up of a hydrocarbon chain
- cell
- basic unit of all forms of life
- valence electrons
- amount of electrons on the oustide of an energy level
- steroids
- has carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
- giga
- metric system symbol: g
- mili
- metric system symbol: m
- metabolism
- catabolism + anabolism = _____
- nonpolar
- ___ materials pass through cell membrane more easily
- cytoplasm
- "Cell fluid" which contains water, salts, and organic molecules (including enzymes); this is where much of metabolism takes place
- solvent
- substance in which the solute is dissolved
- solution
- solute + solvent = ___
- polysaccharides
- glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin are...
- hormones
- estrogen and testosterone are examples of ...
- unicellular
- one cell
- neutron
- an elementary particle w/ no charge
- ion
- an atom or molecule that has either lost or gained electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge
- room; 98.6
- water is a liquid at _ temperature and __._ degrees farenheit
- organic compounds
- living matter, usually hydrogen/carbon atoms, large amounts of atoms, covalent bonding, composed of carbon skeletons/functional groups
- pinocytosis
- "cell drinking" when material taken in is liquid or very small particles, e.g. plant roots, kidney tubule cells use this method to ingest solutes
- trans fatty acids
- man-made; unsaturated fatty acids are slightly altered
- mega
- metric system symbol: m
- molecule
- smallest unit of a substance that retains all the properties of a substance
- wilts
- when plasmolysis occurs, the plant...
- controlled variable
- variable in an experiment that the experimenter keeps the same
- isomers
- molecules that share a molecular formula but differ in the structure of the molecule
- responding variable
- variable that changes in response to the independent variable
- sucrose
- __ is made from fructose and glucose
- size, shape, function
- list the 3 ways in which cells vary
- microscopes
- improved ___ were the key to understanding the internal structures of cells
- receptor mediated
- used by the cell to take in cholesterol
- golgi body/apparatus
- the __ __/____ sorts, modies, and packages molecules for export
- capillary action
- ____ __ can be explained because of cohesion; important in biology because it facilitates the movement of liquids through small vessels against the force of gravity
- endothermic
- requires input of heat energy (feels cold)
- covalent bonding
- formed between atoms that share electrons easily
- monosaccharide
- simple sugar
- quantitative
- involves numbers/measurement
- integral proteins
- many are glycoproteins which have an attached carbohydrate chain
- order
- all living things are made up of one or more cells
- polypeptides
- very complex proteins
- sodium potassium pump
- nerve cells transmit info in the form of electrical signals
- lipids
- fatty acids, fats and oils, phospholipids, steroids, waxes = subclasses of ...
- covalent bonding
- electrons are shared in bonding
- catabolic
- Complex molecules are broken down
- condensation synthesis (reaction)
- occurs when monomers join together; a hydroxyl group is removed from 1 monomer and a hydrogen group is removed from another
- centrioles
- composed of microtubules; in cell division, not present in plants
- electrogenic pump
- concentrated ions on one side of the cell/membrane that build up charges
- 3
- how many orbitals does subshell p hold?
- non-polar
- molecules in which electrons are evenly shared; doesnt dissolve in water
- evolutionary adaptations
- changes that occur within a species over long periods of time
- passive transport
- cell transport that doesnt require chemical energy
- cytoskeleton
- framework of the cell that gives structure
- cell wall
- stiff covering around cell membrane
- cell theory
- all living things are composed of cells
- hydrolysis
- when water is added to a polymer, the reverse of condensation synthesis occurs
- cell membrane
- in multicellular organisms cell junctions requiring specialized features of the _ __ connect cells together and facilitate the passing of info between cells so that the activities of the tissues/organs are coordinated
- controlled variable
- standard against which the results of the experiment are compared; sample treated or untreated in the usual way
- endocytosis
- cells take in substance by vesicle formation; portion of membrane invaginates to envelope the substance, then the membrane pinches off to form an intracellular vesicle
- function of protein
- muscle cell components, as in actin and myocin
- tonicity
- the degree to which a solutions concentration of solute vs. water causes water to move into or out of the cell
- simple diffusion
- depends on random particle movement and is affected by anything that affects particle movement
- unsaturated fatty acids
- 1 or more double bond in a molecule; less hydrogen
- organism
- an individual living thing
- nucleotides, phospholipids
- where is phosphate found?
- denaturation
- refers to altering the structure of a protein by disrupting bonds within the molecule
- secretion
- exiting of molecule
- sugar
- where is aldehyde found?
- monomers
- "building blocks"
- microvillus
- finger-like projections associated with absorption
- 20
- how many amino acids are there?
- organ system
- group of organs that work together to perform closely related tasks
- amino acids
- where are amino groups found? (easyy peasyyy)
- polymers
- large molecules that are made up of many monomers
- osmosis
- the diffusion of water into and out of cells through a selectively permeable membrane
- membrane assisted
- 2 types of __ ___ transport. used to transport macromolecules by forming vesicles
- polar
- amino groups are polar/nonpolar?
- science
- It is an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world; "a way of knowing"
- function of protein
- hormones, as in insulin
- condensation synthesis (reaction)
- used to synthesize polymers
- identify the problem
- scientific method step 2
- gradient
- a form of energy storage used to fuel other processes
- waxes
- highly waterproof lipids
- turgor
- H20 pressure against cell wall is called __ pressure
- stability
- outside energy is full
- tertiary structure
- 3D shape the molecule assumes as a result of twisting, bending, and folding caused by various types
- starch
- short term energy storage used by plants; amylose & pectin
- batteries
- cells mimic ___
- observation
- quantitative and qualitative
- exergonic
- releases energy from heat
- hydrophobic
- doesnt like water
- ability to reproduce
- cellular level, molecular level, reproduction of an organism
- peroxisome
- organelle that contains catalase or some other oxidative enzyme; very numerous in animal liver
- criteria for science
- The result of observation and controlled experiments (repeatable and verifiable)
- endergonic
- absorbs energy from heat
- families
- columns up and down the periodic table
- peripheral, integral
- 2 types of proteins
- integral proteins
- may extend across entire cell and be exposed to both inside and outside the cell
- electron
- negative charge, exists outside nucleus
- enzymes
- speed up chemical reaction by lowering activation energy required in a chemical reaction
- polysaccharide
- polymer of carbohydrates
- tissue
- group of similar cells that perform a specific function
- nucleolus
- portions of ribosomes are made in the ...
- inorganic compounds
- nonliving matter, contains positive/negative ions, small amount of atoms, ionic bonding
- formulate conclusion
- scientific method step 7
- manipulated variable
- deliberately manipulated by the experimenter
- hormones
- chemical messengers
- channel proteins
- allow particular molecules to cross the membrane freely, like a tunnel
- solid
- water is less dense as a __
- organic molecules
- Formed when nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and other atoms bond to carbon
- cell membrane
- acts as a protective barrier
- exocytosis
- vesicles formed by the golgi apparatus that are carrying a specific molecule fuse with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs
- cell transport
- how materials pass through the cell membrane and around cells
- population/community
- group of 1 type of organism that live together
- cell theory
- all cells arise from previous cells
- 1
- how many orbitals does subshell s hold?
- growth and development
- "Creating new material"
- facilitated transport
- when nerve cells are at rest and maintain a polarization across membranes; gates open, sodium rushes in and potassium rushes out
- controlled experiment
- this type of experiment tests only one variable at a time, all other variables are controlled
- fatty acids
- carboxyl group is the acidic part of this molecule
- function of protein
- enzymes
- polypeptides
- polymers of proteins
- fatty acids
- carboxyl group is polar, so dissolves in water; remainder is the hydrocarbon chain which wont dissolve in water
- high heat of fusion
- requires much heat loss to change state from a solid to a liquid
- steroids
- foundation of many biologial molecules like hormones
- vacuole
- sac of fluid that holds stored food, pigments, and other products; sac is made of membrane
- channel and carrier
- types of integral proteins
- cholesterol
- found in animal plasma membranes; reduces permeability
- glycerol
- 3 carbon compound with 3 hydroxyl groups
- pumps; membrane assisted
- 2 types of active transport are through _ and __ ___
- controlled variable
- variable thats kept the same; used as the standard of comparison
- nucleotides
- monomers of nucleic acids
- hypotonic; equilibrium
- external solution ____ to cell; water diffuses in til _____
- multicellular
- many cells
- cohesion
- the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules is an example of ...
- adhesion
- attractive forces between particles of a different kind
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- ER that is embedded with ribosomes
- coenzymes
- another term for enzyme cofactors
- monosaccharide
- monomer of carbohydrates
- cellulose
- formed in plant walls, people can't digest it, provides fiber
- nucleic acids
- polymers of nucleic acids
- responds to environment
- "irritability"
- carrier proteins
- selectively interact with a specific molecule or ion so that it can cross the membrane, like a porter who "carries" bags
- controlled experiment
- tests only one variable at a time; all other variables are controlled
- homeostasis
- balance; the ability to maintain a stable environment
- formulate conclusion
- go back and see if the experiment supported/refuted the hypothesis
- phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol
- 3 types of lipids
- concentration gradient
- passive transport moving down gradient
- deci
- metric system symbol: d
- uses energy
- how an organism __ ___; varies from organism to organism
- hydrogen bonding
- occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom of another molecule; VERY WEAK BONDS
- polar
- aldehyde is polar/nonpolar?
- ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis
- single
- saturated means what kind of bonds?
- schwaan
- german zoologist who extended his theory to animals, stating all animals are made of cells in 1839
- organ
- group of tissues that work together to perform highly specialized functions
- enzyme cofactors
- many enzymes require an inorganic ion or organic nonprotein to function properly
- chloroplast
- site of photosynthesis; light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy
- upright
- high turgidity = __ plant
- hypothesis
- educated guess; stated in an if/then format
- metric system
- a system based on the units of 10
- solvent
- water is a universal __
- endoplasmic reticulum
- system of membraneous tunnels and sacs
- very complex molecule
- monomer of lipids
- integral proteins
- embedded within the cell membrane
- formulate hypothesis
- scientific method step 3
- cohesion
- attractive forces between particles of the same kind
- alpha helix and beta sheet
- two types of secondary structure
- cohesive; adhesive
- water is ___ and ___
- saturated fatty acids
- full of hydrogen and single bonded to carbon
- anabolic
- Large molecules are synthesized, usually by joining smaller molecules
- 2
- how many electrons does 1 orbital hold?
- proton
- positively charged elementary particle
- phospholipid
- arranged in bilayer; contains nonpolar tail and polar head
- formulate hypothesis
- making a prediction that will answer my problem/question; formulated based on inference; must be a TESTABLE CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT
- permeability of the cell membrane
- "selectively" permeable
- enzyme inhibitors
- when an enzyme is prevented from combining w/ its substrate
- amino acids
- monomers of proteins
- ecosystem
- a community and its surroundings
- cilia
- hair-like projections on the cell
- hecto
- metric system symbol: h
- passive transport
- cell transport that uses diffusion or facilitated transport
- fluid-mosaic membrane model
- widely accepted cell membrane model
- isotonic
- internal and external solutions are in osmotic balance
- s, p, d, f
- 4 subshell names
- virchow
- german physician who concluded all new cells could only be produced from division of existing cells
- pentose sugar, deoxyribose, rna-ribose
- 3 parts of the nucleotide
- 12
- how many nonessential amino acids are there?
- cell junction
- Requires specialized features of the cell membrane connecting cells together and facilitate the passing of info between cells
- observation
- scientific method step 1
- triglyceride
- long term energy storage molecule
- capillary action
- vascular tissues in animals and plants is an example of ...
- exergonic
- hydrolysis is ...
- hydrolysis
- in which water is used to break a bond
- specific heat
- water has high ___ _
- hooke
- british scientist who coined the term "cell" because they reminded him of the rooms in a monestary
- cytosol
- another name for cytoplasm
- theory is developed
- scientific method step 9
- alcohol
- where is alcohol found? (easy easy easyy)
- amino acids
- polymers of proteins; made of peptide bonds
- dipeptide
- 2 amino acids = a ___ bond + H20
- peripheral proteins
- located on the inside or outside surface of cell membrane
- condensation synthesis
- water is produced and the monomer is free to bond with one another
- integral proteins
- ___ __ determine a membrane's function
- microfilaments
- thread-like thin fibers
- element
- a substance that cant be broken down by ordinary means into other kinds of substances
- nuclear envelope/membrane
- two layers of membrane, regulates what enters and leaves the nucleus
- subshell
- holds at least one orbital
- atom
- smallest sub-unit of an element that retains all of the elements properties
- hydrolysis
- in which a hydroxyl group will attach to one monomer and a hydrogen group will attach to another
- waterproof
- waxes are highly ...
- isotopes
- Atoms with the same number of protons (atomic number) with varying number of neutrons
- active transport
- opposite of diffusion as molecules or ions move to regions of higher concentration: "against" the concentration gradient
- passive and active
- 2 types of cell transport
- hypotonic
- solution outside of the cell is more dilute, so the net movement of water into the cell is greatest and the cell swells
- cilia
- purpose is to move materials past the cell; associated with movements in other organisms
- nuclear pore
- an opening in the nuclear membrane
- passive transport
- molecules move from a higher to a lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
- metabolic pathways
- A series of linked reactions occur in the cell, called
- flagellum
- long whiplike structure associated with locomotion
- very complex molecule
- polymer of lipids
- polar
- phosphate is polar/nonpolar?
- 8
- how many essential amino acids are there?
- criteria for science
- Findings must be refutable: reject, modify hypothesis
- molecule
- smallest unit of most components
- vaporization
- water has a high heat of _____
- facilitated diffusion
- utilizes carrier proteins, channel proteins or gated channel proteins to move molecules down their concentration gradient
- cellulose
- the cell wall is composed mostly of what?
- waxes
- type of structural lipid
- independent variable
- variable that is manipulated by the experimenter
- endocytosis
- A portion of the cell membrane invaginates to envelope the substance, then the membrane pinches off to form an intracellular vesicle.
- nucleolus
- site of ribosome production
- polysaccharide
- complex carbohydrate
- isotonic
- if cell's external solution is ____, the amount of water in and out of the cell is in ballance
- deca
- metric system symbol: D
- Monosaccharide
- one sugar
- hypertonic
- solution outside the cell is less concentrated (more solute particles) so the cell loses water to its environment
- lactose
- __ is made from glucose and galactose
- fatty acids/amino acids
- where are hydrocarbon chains found?
- analyze results
- scientific method step 6
- compound
- 2 or more atoms bonded together in definite proportions
- quarternary structure
- made up of more than 1 strand of polypeptides
- substrates
- reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
- cell membrane
- all cells are bounded by a ...
- cell
- a discrete body of self-reproducing, living material, bounded by a selectively permeable plasma membrane
- membrane materials
- the endoplasmic reticulum is the site of the manufacturing of __ ____
- criteria for science
- Based on the assumption that the natural world can be explained in terms that we can understand
- universal genetic code
- chemical that stores and reproduces all "knowledge" about an organism
- ionic bonding
- atoms that dont share electrons will form bonds where electrons are lost or gained, resulting in charges between the atoms
- nano
- metric system symbol: n
- exothermic
- releases heat energy (feels warm)
- controlled
- kept the same
- facilitated
- _____ diffusion uses NO energy
- active transport
- requires chemical energy to move substances across a membrane using proteins or membrane assisted transport
- pseudo science
- false science
- universal solvent
- water can dissolve more substances than any other substance known
- mitochondria
- "powerhouse" of the cell
- function of protein
- transport, as in hemoglobin in blood
- anabolic and catabolic
- 2 types of metabolic pathways?
- sodium potassium pump
- cells can generate their own electricity by storing charges on either side of a membrane
- plasmolysis
- in hypertonic solution, cell wall shrinks, this is called...
- cell theory
- the cell is the fundamental unit of life
- shell
- 1 of 7 energy levels
- waxes
- consist of a long fatty acid chain bonded to a long alcohol chain
- 4
- carbon forms how many bonds?
- specific heat
- amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance 1 degree Celsius
- subatomic particle
- seperate part of the atom; protons/electrons
- anabolic
- when large molecules are synthesized
- hypertonic
- in ____ solution cell membrane shrinks away from cell wall
- hypertonic; crenation
- external solution is ____ to cell; cell shrinks called ___
- function of protein
- defense, as in antibodies
- isotopes
- atoms with the same atomic number and varying numbers with electrons
- theory
- well tested hypothesis that shows knowledge in a field
- chitin
- found in exoskeleton of anthropods, doesn't digest well
- responding variable
- another term for dependent variable
- disaccharide
- 2 monosaccharides that underwent condensation synthesis
- glucose
- ATP is made from __ in the mitochondria
- qualitative
- not easily counted/measured (sensory)
- polar
- carboxyl is polar/nonpolar?
- glycogen
- short term energy storage in animals; can store 2 pounds in liver; lasts several hours
- nonpolar
- hydrocarbon chains are polar or nonpolar?
- steroids
- insoluble in water
- polar
- molecules in which electrons are unevenly shared; does dissolve in water
- secondary structure
- occurs when a polypeptide coils or folds in a particular way
- 7
- how many orbitals does subshell f hold?
- cell membrane
- encloses EVERY cell
- ATP
- chemical energy
- golgi body/apparatus
- complex organelle; series of flattened membrane sacks
- record data
- scientific method step 5
- pumps; pump
- proteins are called "_" because they use energy (ATP) to move a substance across a membrane and against its concentration gradient; often used to "_" ions
- hydrolysis
- water is broken down into a hydrogen group and a hydroxyl group