chem final
Terms
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- cations
- positively charged ions
- Avogadro's number
- 6.02 x 10 to the 23
- chemical property
- ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction
- energy
- measured in joules (J) or calories (cal)
- centi
- 100 times smaller
- quantitative measurements
- give results in a definite form (usually as numbers and units)
- mole
- 6.02 x 10to the 23 particles of a substance
- biochemistry
- study of the chemistry of living organisms
- gram formula mass
- mass of 1 mole of an ionic compound
- homogeneous mixtures
- has one phase
- energy is absorbed or given off
- sighs of a chemical reaction
- temperature
- measured in kelvins (K) or degrees Celsius (oC)
- compounds
- - 2 or more elements chemically combined
- molecule
- smallest unit of a substance that has the properties of the substance
- analytical chemistry
- study of the composition of substances
- molecule
- 2 or more atoms that act as a single unit
- phase
- part of a system with uniform composition
- chemical equations
- formulas of reactants and products used
- physical property
- quality of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition example color
- experiment
- a test of the hypothesis and results should be the same no matter how many times experiment is performed
- molecular compounds
- compounds composed of molecules
- significant figures
- digits in a measurement that are known plus a last digit that is estimated
- molecular compounds
- most have low melting and boiling points and are gases or liquids at room temperature
- reactants
- starting substances
- time
- measured in second (s)
- 0C
- standard temperature
- kilo
- 1000 times larger
- density
- - how much matter is in a given amount of space
- mixture
- physical blend of 2 or more substances
- 1 atm
- standard pressure
- conversion factor
- ratio of equivalent measures
- anions
- negatively charged ions
- stoichiometry
- the calculation of quantities in a chemical reaction
- triatomic molecule
- molecule that consists of 3 atoms
- molecular formula
- chemical formula of a molecular compound
- combustion reaction
- an element or compound reacts with oxygen
- ionic compounds
- compounds made of anions and cations
- hypothesis
- a proposed reason for the observation ("educated guess")
- scientific method
- observation, hypothesis, experiment, and then theory
- International System of Units
- "SI"
- percent composition
- relative amounts of each element in a compound
- mega
- 1 million times larger
- gram atomic mass
- atomic mass of 1 mole of an element in grams
- cations
- when atoms of metals tend to lose 1 or more electrons
- ions
- - form when electrons are lost or gained
- ionic compounds
- what dissociate in water (separate into cations and anions)?
- spectator ions
- ions not directly involved in a reaction
- deci
- 10 times smaller
- Activity Series of Metals
- determines whether 1 metal will replace another
- specific gravity
- density of a substance /density of water
- nano
- 1 billion times smaller
- observation
- the use of the senses to obtain information directly
- heterogeneous mixture
- not uniform in composition (ex: salad)
- mole
- SI unit that measures the amount of a substance
- ions
- atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge
- decomposition reaction
- 1 compound is broken down into 2 or more products
- length
- measured in meters (m)
- elements
- - cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means
- noble gases
- only elements that exist as isolated atoms (monatomic)
- solid
- - matter with a definite shape and volume
- physical chemistry
- study of the behavior of chemicals and relies on math and physics
- % mass of element
- grams of an element/grams of the compound x 100%
- matter
- anything that has mass and occupies space
- inorganic chemistry
- study of substances that do not contain carbon
- precision
- how close a series of measurements are to one another
- gram molecular mass
- mass of 1 mole of a molecular compound
- anions
- atoms of nonmetals tend to gain 1 or more electrons
- density
- measured in grams per cubic
- molar mass
- mass(in grams) of 1 mole of a substance
- mili
- 1000 times smaller
- mass
- - measure of the amount of matter in a substance
- pico
- 1 trillion times smaller
- theory
- thoroughly tested model that explains why experiments give certain results
- diatomic molecule
- molecule that consists of 2 atoms
- liquid
- matter with a definite volume but no definite shape
- error/accepted value x 100
- percent error
- qualitative measurements
- gives results in a descriptive, nonnumerical form
- heterogeneous mixtures
- has two or more phases
- catalyst
- substance that speeds up a reaction but not part of the reaction
- double-replacement reaction
- 2 reacting compounds exchange cations
- micro
- 1 million times smaller
- pressure
- measured in pascals (Pa), atmospheres (atm),
- law of conservation of mass
- in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed
- substance
- contains only 1 kind of matter and all samples have the same physical properties
- single-replacement reaction
- 1 element replaces a second element in a compound
- distillation
- a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor which is condensed back into a liquid
- specific gravity
- comparison of the density of a substance with the density of a reference substance
- volume
- space occupied by a sample of matter
- skeleton equations
- doesn't show the amounts of reactants and products
- combination reaction
- 2 or more substances combine to form a single substance
- homogeneous mixture
- uniform composition (ex: salt water)
- mass
- amount of matter in an object
- chemical reaction
- 1 or more substances change into new substances (chemical change)
- weight
- measure of the pull of gravity on an object
- accepted value - experimental value
- error
- representative particle
- smallest unit of a substance
- mass
- measured in kilograms
- gas
- matter with neither a definite shape nor volume
- ionic compounds
- usually composed of metal cations and nonmetal anions
- accuracy
- how close a measurement comes to the true value
- density
- mass/volume
- balanced equation
- gives the number of reactants and products
- oxygen, flourine, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, bromine, and iodine
- what are the 7 diatomic elements?
- temperature
- measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in matter
- incomplete combustion
- occurs when there's insufficient O2
- scientific law
- concise statement that summarizes the results of many experiments
- physical change
- a change in material that doesn't involve a change in composition
- organic chemistry
- study of substances that contain carbon
- complete combustion
- produces CO2 and H2O
- products
- substances formed