E-stim terminology

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Accupuncture like TENS amplitude is?: visible contraction
Cathode: Negative pole
chronic edema waveform is?: symmetrical biphasic pulsatile current
conventional TENS time of treatment is?: up to 24 hrs a day
basics of nerve depolarization?: nerves communicate with one otnother through the production of aton potientials(AP), created by depolarization and repolarization of nerves,
chronic edema frequency is?: 35-50 pps
first fibers stimulated in physiological contrations are: slow twitch, smaller, unmylelinated
chronic edema treatment time is?: 30 min
AC wavelength= duration of one cycle=: inverse relationship between cycle duration and frequency, as frequency increases, cycle duration decreases
what is Rheobase?: minimum amplitude requred with a long pulse duration to produce an AP (meauseures amplitude)
Negative electrode attracts?: activated neurophils ( present with infection or inflammation) lymphocytes, platlets and mast cells, fibroblast, used for infected of inflamed wounds, acute stage of healing
Areas with skin irritation or open wounds, open/damaged skin has lower sensation--> too much current delivery, if being used to treat the wound this is ok: precaution
Accupunture like TENS frequency is?: 2-10 pps
Accupuncture like TENS treatment time is?: 20-30 min
free electrons flow from an area of excess electrons (negative pole) to an area defiecient in electrons (positve pole): polarity
Alternating current: continuou and bidirectional flow of charged particles (+ and -)
Pregnancy-over or around the abdoment or low back: contrindication
Paremeters for Muscle strengthening are?: waveform= symmetrical biphasic pulsatile current,
principle of muscle strenghtening specificity principle: activating type 2 fibers-->greater force-->greater strength
Pacement of electrodes over crotid sinus on th anterior or laterna neck, induce rapid decrease in BP: contrindication
principle of muscle strenghtenign overload principle: Greater load-->grater force production-->greater strength
conventional TENS waveform: Monophasic/biphasic
Interferintial current waveforn is?: AC
Interferential current on:off is?: continuous
what is phase duration/pulse duration modulation?: varying the phase or pulse duration
conventional TENS amplitude is?: "strong but comfortable"
What happens to an AP during Depolarization?: The neuron is rapidly depolarized by the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Na+ is pulled into the cell by the negative charge inside and because of the larger concentration of Na+ outside the cell.
IFC amplitude of current: higher amplitude current when both are in the same phase and a lower amplitude current when they are in opposite phases
Low rate or acupuncture like TENS basics are: stimulation and depolariation of muscles and A? leads to release of endorphins and enkaphalins (endogenous opiates), controls pain for 4-5 hours after treatment of 20-30 minutes
Alternating current (AC) Waveforms: continuous and bidirectional flowof charged particles (+ and -), no pulse charge remains in tissues as there is equal ion flow in both directions
Transdermal drug delivery (Iontophoresis): use a low voltage DC to move charged ions across the drmis by increasing the permeability of th statum corneum, penetratio is likely 3-20 mm, current must be the least suffiecent to overcome the resistance of th skin and electrode
muscle spasm ramp?: > 1 sec
what is Beat frequency?: 4100Hz-4000Hz=100Hz
chronic edema ramp?: >1 sec
what is frequency modulation?: varying the number of pulses or cycles per second , usually referred to as sweep
conventional TENS pulse duration is?: 50-80 us
muscle strengthening amplitude is?: > 10% MVIC if injured, > 50% MVIC if uninjured, visible contraction
muscle strenghtening pulse duration is?: 150-200= small muscle and 200-350=large muscles
AP propagaton/conduction: AP triggered in adjacent nerves and along the neuron, phjusiologically , propogation usually occurs in olnly one direction, with estim, AP propagation can occur in both directions but effects are only seen in the direction typically seen with physiological AP propagation
Accupuncture like TENS waveform: Monophasic/biphasic
What is resistance (R)?: property of the conductior that resists the flow of charged particles, measured in Ohm's
TENS (Monophasic/biphasic) is used for?: conventional (pain control via gate theory of pain), Accupuncture (pain control via endogenous opiate release)
muscle strenghtening Ramp is: > 2 sec
common medication used in therapeutic setting is: Dexamethosone (0.4 % soultion (-), corticosteroid tht acts as an anti-inflammatory, useful with tendonitis or bursitis
muscle contraction for deenervated muscles: helps slow the process of muscle atrophy and tissue fibrosis formation, continuous DC with longer pulse duration can allow denervated muscles to contract, Ramp up current amplitude to reach desired amplitude, may slow nerve regeneration, so should not be used if this is the goal
muscle reeducation time of treatment is?: during functional activity
HVPC is used for?: Tissue healing (speed healing process), (-) for infected or acute wounds, (+) for clean wounds and theose in the roliferation stage, Acute edema (-)
IFC beat frequency =: difference between the frequencies of the original AC's (usually set by machine)
Pulsed current: electrical current delivered discontinuously
iontophoresis polarity is?: same as drug (drives drug into skin)
Impaired sensasation or mentation: precaution
Ionic Effects are what?: Result from a net charge in the tissues following estim, requireing DC monophasic waveforms, not biphasic waveforms, used in the clinic with ionto to repel ions from the anode or cathode (depending on medication) and increase transdermal deliver of drug, may be used for inflammatory phase and to facilitate tissue healing.
muscle strengthenign is treated how often ?: every 2-3 hours patient is awake
chronic edema on:off time?: 2-5 on, 2-5 off. 1:1
Rise Time: Time it takes current to go from 0 to peak during a phase
Iontophoresis tiem of treatment is?: depends on amplitude
tissue healing pulse duration is?: 40-100us
what is interburst interval?: time between burst
muscle strengthening time of treatment is?: 10-20 min
Impedance: total frequency-dependant opposition to the current flow
Ohm's Law: Relationship between voltage(V), electrical current (I) and resistance (R)
What is Strength-duration curve?: minimum amount of electrical current (combination of amplitude and pulse duration) requred to depolarize the nerfe and lproduce an AP in a specific type of nerve.
what is ramp down?: time it takes current to go from mazimum to 0 amplitude for any one on time, allows patient to acclimate to the stimulation, providing comfort as compared with attaining maximum amplitude right from the start, Off time
Wavelength: Duration of one cycle
acute edema on:off is: continuous
Conventional or high rate TENS is used for ?: pain control
chronic edema pulse duration is?: 150-200= small muscles, 200-350= large muscles
What is charge (Q)?: matter has a positiv charge ( +), a negative (-), or is electrically neutral, measured in coulombs (C)
what is burst duration?: time from beginning to end of the burst
Accupuncture like TENS on:off: continuious
first fibers stimulated in a stimulated contraction?: fast twitch,larger,myleniated
Interferential current may be quad polar or: bipolar (pre-mixed)
Propagation speed is what?: depends on nerve diameter and myelination
cardiac disease, MI, congential or acquired abnormalities: precaution
what is Off time?: time between trains of pulses when no current exists, relaxation, ususally expressed as a ration 1;5
Anode: Positive pole
DC monophasic-continuous is used for?: Iontophoresis (decreases inflammation), Denervated muscle ( depolarize muscle cells to decrease onset of atrophy)
iontophoresis total dose=: 40mA. min
Iontophoresis after other physical agents, alterled skin permeability--> too much current, with heat increased blood flwo--> drug delivery away form treatment area, ofpend skin pores allow too much drug to enter skin, with cold, decreased sensation prevents determining comfortale stimulation levels: precaution
muscle spasm pulse duration is?: 150-200= small muscles,200-350= large muscles
Russian Protcol: 2500Hz carrier AC frequency with 50 burst per second, each burst is polyphasic waveform delivered for 10 usec, followed by a rest interval of 50 usec, usually a 10 minute treatment (10/50/10 protocol)
Accupuncture like TENS releases what?: endorphins
Iontophoresis amplitude is?: Patient tolerance, no more than 4mA
acute edema pulse duration is ?: 40-100us
motor nerves do what?: (Efferent) will always submit motor infor to the muscles, higher amplitude and longer pulses are requred to depolarize.
conventional TENS utilizes the gate theory of pain control where?: spinal cord level
Acidic reaction (+): Hydrochloric acid forms under the postive electrode, less umcomfortable than alkaline reaction
Benefits of IFC: more comfortable as it has a low amplitude current when going through the skin, delivers higher current in deeper tissues--continuouis AC with increase average amplitude, stimulates a larger area
Interferential current amplitude is?: "strong but comfortable"
Amplitude Modulation: usually refered to as scan
Muscle spasm waveform is?: symmetrical biphasic pulsatile current,
Iontophoresis waveform is?: DC
tissue healing treatment time is?: 45-60 min
Direct current: used for iontophoresis and stimulating denervated muscles to contract
muscle reeducation ramp is?: > 2 sec
Waveforms found to be the most useful is HVPC: (-) HVPC can decrease the amount of new edema formation but dosen't alter existing edema, (+) HVPC dosen't effect edema
what is Chronaxie?: minimum duration to stimulate nerve at twice rheobase (measures time/duration)
Demand cardiac pacemaker or arrhythmias, estim can interfere with the pacemakers's thythm, can alter unstable arrhytmias that are not treated: contrindication
tisssue healing polarity is?: + for clean wound, --for injection
what is premodulated current?: continuous sinusoidal waveform with medium frequency coupled with a sequentially increasing and decreasing current amplitude (same concept as IFC), wave interference occurrs in machine then is delivered through 2 electrodes, 1 channel, not the same benefits as IFC
general parameters for low rate or acupuncture like TENS are?: longer pulse duration, higher amplitude (visible contraction), treatment must be less than 30 minutes to prevent DOMS.
Tissue healing frequency is?: 60-125 pps
Russian is used for ?: Muscle force-stronger and more efficent
Iontophoresis is described as milliamp minutes (mA. minutes): set ampliuitde to patient comfort and adjuist time fro there 40 mA is currently recommended for treatment.
muscle reeducation pulse duration is?: 150-200 =small muscles, and 200-350= large muscles
acute edema amplitude is?: comfortable tingling sensation
conventional TENS frequency is?: 100-150pps
Pain transmitting C fibers do what?: high amplitude and longer pulses are required to depolarize
what is modulation?: any vartiation, cyclic or random, of one or more of the stimulation paramaters, limits adapttion of the neurons to current
muscle spasm on:off time: 1`:1
Interferential Current: Waveform produced by the interferences of two medium frequency sinusoidal AC's
Areas of venous or arterial thrombosis or thrombophlebitis: contraindication
muscle spasm frequency is?: 35-50 pps
Frequency Modulation: usually referred to as sweep
Depolarize=: --55mV= threshold level that will reate an AP, relies on Na+ channels opening, sodium channels open fast and sodium rushes into make inside more positiively charged.
Alkaline reaction (-): sodium hydroxide forms under the negative electrode. causes discomfort, skin irritation or chemical bursn, reduced likelihood by increasing the size of the negative electode
muscle reeducation frequency is?: 35-50 pps (>60 pps is need tetanic contraction)
Tissue healing occurs through?: attraction and activation of cells needed for tissue healing in the area (neutrophils, leukocytes,), modification of endogenus electrical potential of tissues, reduction of edema, increased antimicrobial activity, promotion of circulation,increased synthesis of DNA and collagen most effective at healing pressue ulcers
Amplitude: magnitude of the current or voltage
What is Phase duration?: duration of one phase of the pulse, described in microseconds (us) or milliseconds (ms), controls comfort of stimulation, less skin impedance, less chemical changes under the electrode, better discrimination
What is Interphase interval?: time between phases of a pulse
what is On time?: time when a run of pulses occurs and current exists,muscle contraction, usually expressed as a ratio 1;5
muscle spasm amplitude?: visible contraction
Polarity: Property of having two oppositely charged conductors
Resting potiential is?: difference in electrical potential across the cell membrane when information is not being transmitted.--70 mV= maintainted by Na+/K+ pumps and large, negatively charged ions trapped inside the cell.
Ramp up: time it takes current to go from 0 to maximum amplitude for any one on time.
chronic edema amplitude is?: visible contraction
Acute edema frequency is ?: 120 pps
What is electricl current (I)?: the flow or movement of charged particles through a conductor following an applied electrical field.
Brief intense TENS is used when?: to provide immediate, short term relief, often used in the clinic befor especially painful procedures(joint mob, PROM, etc)
Direct current (DC) Waveforms: continuous and unidirectional flow of charged particles (either + or -), used for Iontophoresis and stimulting denervated muscles to contract, occasionally will be used with wound healing
malignant tumor, estim can enhance tissue growth, inculding malignant tissue: precaution
Interpulse Interval: Time between pulses
Frequency: Number of cycles or pulses per second
Accupuncture like TENS pulse duration is?: 100-200 pps
What happens to an AP during Repolarization?: The Na+ channel close and voltage-gated K+ channels open to reploarize nerve. K+ is pushed out of the cell becuse of the large concentration of K+ inside of the cell and because of the positive charge inside the cell.
what is relative refactory period?: after depolarization occurs, a short hyperpolarization period occurs, a stronger than normal AP would be required to produce antother AP, this is an important consideration when talking about AP conduction being unidirectional, as time is required for repolarization before sending antother signal
What is decay time?: time it takes form peak to decrease to 0 during a phase
conventional TENS on; off is?: continuous
What is Duty cycle?: ration of on time to totla cycle time, On 10 sec, off 50 sec=10;60 or 1;6 duty cycle
AP are all or none: increased amplitude or duration dosent increase strenght of the AP, providing current below the needed amplitude of pulse duration for nerve type is considered subthreshold and will not cause an AP. Once the AP are produced, the body will react similary to if it were experiencing the same change physiologically
Postive electrodes atrracts?: inactive neutrophils and macrophages, epiderma cells, used with necrosis without inflammation and wounds in the proliferation stage, clean wounds.
muscle reeducation on:off time?: varies based on functional activity
what is Burst mode?: series of pulsed delivered in an "envelope" as a single pulse, frequency and duration preset
What is accomodation?: decreased response to same amplitude of nerve stimulation, must rise fast enough that nerve cannot acclimate to the current produced.
muscle spasm time of treatment: 10-30 min
What is Voltage (V)?: electrical force moving charged particles through a conductor between 2 regions or points, may also be called potential difference, measured in volts (V).
Repolarize=: membrane potential returns to more negative state and resting potential is restored , when membrane potential is +30mV, Na+ channels close and K+ channels open to allow K+ out of the cell and the membrane replarizes to --70mV.
Burst mode TENS is used to?: combines conventional and acupuncture TENS, stimulated endogenous opiates like low-rate TENS but may be tolerated better, provides pain reliler similar to high rate TENS
tissue healing amplitude is?: comfortable tingling sensation
Pulse duration: Time form the beginning of the first phase to the end of the last phase of the pulse
Duty Cycle: ratio of on time to total cycle time
General parameters of Conventional or High rate TENS are: short pulse duratrion, comfortable amplitude (strong but comfortable), suded while pain is presient, can be used constantly
acute edema treatment time is?: 30 min
what is interferential current (IFC)?: waveform produced by the interference of 2 medium frequency sinusoidal AC's of slightly different frequencies at a 90 degree angle, Waveforms are delivered through 2 sets of electrodes in separate channels through one machine (4 electrodes, 2 channels), produces beats
muscle strenghtenign frequency is ?: 35-50pps
Sensory nerves do what?: (Afferent) will always submit sensory info to the brain,also lowe current amplitude and shorter pulse duration depolarize
acute edema polarity is?: Negative
Pulsed/Pulsatile current is?: electrical current delivered discontinuously, periods of pulsing followed by periods where no current is flowing( usually off longer than on), may be unidirectional.
What is Salutory conduction?: impulse jumps between spaces in myelin sheaths, known as nodes of RAnvier, this leads to greater speed of impulse conduction
In conventional or high rate TENS, pain modulation basics are?: activateing AB nerves, alter pain pereption carried on A? an C fibers, requres certain parameters in order to be stimulated, can alter pain-spasm-pain cycle and further decrease pain, adaptation can occurs if no changes are made, this is the reason for modulation
what is muscle depolarization?: innervated muscles contract with electricity from depolarization of motor nerves, denervated muscles contract with electricity from depolarization of the muscle cell membrane (requres longer pulses)
Acute edema wavefrom is?: DC monophasic or HVPC
Adverse effects to estim: electrical burns, skin reaction to the electrodes, pain
IFC Carrier frequency=: slower original AC (ex: 4100 Hz frequency interferes with 4000 Hz frequency
What is absolute refactory period?: when the membrane is deplarized, it is not possible to create antother AP
muscle strengthening on; off is?: 6-10 on; 50-120 off, 1;5 ration
Interferential current treatment time is?: varies
Specific uses of estim with innervated muscles: increasing strength and endurance, increasing muscle strenght for stabilizing joint, decreasing spasticity with altered agonist-antagonist faciliation, treating uringry incontinence seconday to pelvic floor dysfunction, and muscle contraction to promoate blood flow-0-> decrease risk of DVT
Premodulated Current: Similar to IFC but uses only one channel
AC is used for?: IFC (pain control), Premod (pain control for smaller area)
tissue healing on:off is?: continuous
Tissue healing waveform is?: DC monophasic or HVPC
Symmetrical biphasic pulsed is used for?: Muscle strengthening, muscle reeducation, muscle spasm (fatigue muscles to decrease spasm), Chronic edema (muscle pumping to decrease edema)
what is amplitude modulation?: varying the peak amplitude, usually referred to as scan
muscle reeducation amplitude is?: functional activation of muscle, visible contraction
Muscle reeducation waveform is?: symmetrical biphasic pulsatile current

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