Cardiovascular - pathology
Terms
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- delta wave on EKG is characteristc of what?
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
- in this syndrome, there is an accessory conduction pathway from atria to ventricle (bundle of Kent), bypassing the AV node
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
- this syndrome may result in reentry current leading to supraventricular tachycardia
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
- what is the hallmark of a transmural MI?
- pathologic Q wave
- increased capillary pressure is seen in what?
- heart failure
- decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure is seen in what?
- nephrotic syndrome, lver failure
- increased capillary permeability is seen in what?
- toxins, infections, burns
- increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure is seen in what?
- lymphatic blockage
- three causes of early cyanosis
-
tetralogy of fallot
transposition of great vessels
truncus arteriosus - three causes of late cyanosis
-
VSD
ASD
PDA - what is the most common congenital cardiac abnormality?
- VSD
- what causes Tetralogy of Fallot?
- anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
- aortic stenosis proximal to insertion of ductus arteriosus?
- preductal - infantile type
- aortic stenosis distal to ductus arteriosus?
- postductal - adult type
- notching of ribs, hypertension in upper extremities, weak pulses in lower extremities?
- coarctation of aorta
- 22q11 syndromes are asscociated with what cardiac defects?
- truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot
- what cardiac defects is Down syndrome associated with?
- ASD, VSD
- what cardiac defects is congenital rubella associated with?
- septal defects, PDA
- what cardiac defects are associated with offspring of diabetic mothers?
- transposition of great vessels
- Marfan's is associated with what congenital cardiac defect?
- aortic insufficiency
- lipid deposit in cornea
- corneal arcus
- what characterizes Monckeberg arteriosclerosis?
- calcification of arteries, especially radial or unlar; usually benign (involves media - ring-like calcifications; 'pipestem')
- arteriosclerosis in essential hypertension?
- hyaline thickening of small arteries
- arteriosclerosis in malignant hypertension?
- hyperplastic 'onion skinning'
- fibrous plaques and atheromas form in what part of arteries in atherosclerosis?
- intima
- risk factors for atherosclerosis?
- smoking, hypertension, DM, hperlipidemia, family Hx
- progression of atherosclerosis?
- fatty streaks - proliferative plaque - complex atheromas
- complications of atherosclerosis?
- aneurysms, ischemia, infarcts, peripheral vascular resistance, thrombus, emboli
- location of atherosclerosis?
- abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
- angina occurs with coronary artery disease narrowing greater than whta?
- 75%
- retrosternal chest pain with exertion - what type of angina?
- stable
- angina that occurs at rest secondary to coronary artery spasm?
- Prinzmetal's variant
- thrombosis but no necrosis/worsening chest pain - what type of angina?
- unstable/crescendo
- where do red infarcts occur?
- in loose tissues with collaterals, such as lungs, intestine, or following reperfusion
- where do pale infarcts occur?
- solid tissues with single blood supply - brain, heart, kidney, spleen
- child with harsh systolic murmur, no diastolic murmur, and increased oxygen saturation in the RV?
- VSD
- cut CN IX and X bilaterally - what is hemodynamic result?
- tachycardia with hypertension
- EKG with random electrical activity without recognizable QRS complexes
- ventricular fibrillation
- what can atenolol cause in high doses?
- bradycardia and varying degrees of AV block
- what causes increased pulse pressure?
- stiffening of arteries/ decreased arterial compliance
- what maintains a PDA?
- PGE analog - alprostadil
- what artery is usually compressed in thoracic outlet syndrome?
- subclavian
- what is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in adults?
- ischemic heart disease
- sudden death in heart transplant patient?
- graft vascular disease
- cardiac defect associated with Fragile X?
- MV prolapse and aortic root dilation
- cardiac finding in SIDS?
- right ventricular hypertrophy
- endocarditis in patient with colon CA?
- strep bovis
- how does cocaine cause hypertension?
- blocks NE reuptake
- what substance responsible for calcified valves?
- calcium phosphate
- high risk for digitoxin therapy with what metabolic problem?
- hypokalemia
- decreased arterial pressure, increased systemic venous pressure, and small, quiet heart
- cardiac tamponade
- rupture of ventricular wall leading to hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade, rupture of IV septum, rupture of papillary muscle can occur when post-MI?
- 5-10 days