Ag 412 Final
Terms
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- What is shock?
-
>Decrease in circulating blood
>leads to decreased tissue perfusion & O2 deprivation
>cells inability carry out & maintain normal functions - What are the 4 categories of shock?
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1 - Hypovolemic
2 - Cardiogenic
3 - Vasogenic
4 - Obstructive - What occurs in hypovolemic shock?
-
>low circulating blood volume
>decreased intravascular volume - What can cause hypovolemic shock?
-
>hemorrhaging
>blood loss in surgery
>heavy long anesthetic episode
>gets into o. blood pressure meds
>severly dehydrated or malnourished
>kidney problems - What occurs in cardiogenic shock?
- Decreased cardiac output from pump insufficiency
- What causes cardiogenic shock?
- heart failure
- What occurs in vasogenic shock?
- >blood flow is poorly distributed
- What is another name for vasogenic shock?
- distributive shock
- What are the causes of vasogenic shock?
- diseases
- What is another form of vasogenic shock?
- septic shock
- What causes septic shock?
- >bacterial infection that releases endotoxins into blood stream
- What causes obstructive shock?
-
physical obstruction in the circulatory system
>>embolism
>>blood clot
>>aneurism - What are the 3 stages (symptoms) of shock?
-
1 - compensatory (early)
2 - decompensatory (middle & late)
3 - Irreversible (terminal) - What happens during stage 1 of shock?
-
>body tries to fix itself
>increased HR
>decreased flow to extremities
>increased BP - What is a clinical sign of increased HR (tachycardia)?
- a bounding pulse
- What are some clinical signs of decreased flow to extremities?
-
>pale mm
>core body temp low
>CRT slow - What is the treatment for stage 1 (compensatory) of shock?
- Volume replacement w/ LRS
- What happens during stage 2 of shock?
-
>vasodilation
>Capillary pooling
>Slow or irregular HR
>pulse is weak, absent or thready
>GI tract & kidneys at risk of decreased profusion
>body temp drops
>CRT absent
>coolness to extremities - What is the treatment of stage 2 (decompensatory) shock?
-
>shock dose LRS
- dog 90ml/kg
- cat 40-50ml/kg
>crystalloids
>plasma, whole blood
>O2 therapy
>steriods - What happens in Stage 3 of shock?
-
>heart failure
>pulmonary edema
>alteration of consciousness
>severe hypotension
>DIC
>abnormal resp. problems
>irregular heart rhythms
>MM white
>cold, glassy eyes - What is the treatment for stage 3 of shock?
-
>IV catheter
>O2
>hook to monitors
>warm up - A hypersentivity reaction where histamine is released in abudance causing a potent and damaging inflammatory response.
- anaphylactic shock
- What are some causes of anaphylactic shock?
-
>vaccines
>food
>food additives
>meds
>blood transfusions - What are some localized symptoms of anaphylactic shock?
-
>facial edema
>hives
>patches of redness - What are some systemic symptoms of anaphylactic shock?
-
>vomiting
>salivate
>tremble
>diarrhea
>restless
>depressed/lethargic
>severe bronchial restriction - What is the treatment for anaphylactic shock?
-
>airway/O2 if needed
>IV catheter, LRS
>epinephrine
>corticosteriods
>antihistamines
>hospitalize and observe - What are the anti-convulsant drugs?
-
>primidine
>phenobarb
>dilantin
>gabba pentin
>sodium bromide - One of the first drugs used for seizures?
- Primidine
- How does primidine work?
- elevates the threshold
- Why is primidine not used in cats?
- hard time metabolizing
- What is the anti-convulsant drug of choice for cats?
- phenobarb
- Why is phenobarb the anti-convulsant drug of choice for cats?
-
>only have to give SID or EOD
>small doses - What is a side effect of phenobarb?
-
>strong sedation
>wears off in a couple of weeks - Dilantin is an anti-convulsant drug used for what animal?
- dogs
- Why is dilantin not used in cats?
-
>cannot metabolize
>causes toxicity - How does dilantin work?
- pulls the sodium out of cells prohibiting abnormal electrical activity
- Dilantin is good for what type of seizure?
- generalized
- Gabba Pentin (neuroton) is used experimentally in what specie?
- dogs
- Gabba Pentin affects the _____ and _____.
- liver and kidneys
- What is a side effect of gabba pentin?
- bio feedback mechanism elevating behavior
- Sodium bromide comes in what form?
- crystal
- What is the ratio of sodium bromide to water?
- 250g to 1L of water
- What are the side effects of sodium bromide?
-
toxicity
>vomiting
>ataxia - What are the purposes of using hormonal drugs?
-
>correct a deficiency of the hormone
>to augment what the body is already doing - What are the medical uses for estrogen in small animals?
-
>induce abortion
>Tx of urinary incontinence in spayed females - How does estrogen induce abortion?
- changes the lining of the uterus so the embryo will not implant
- What is the most common route of administration of estrogen?
- oral
- What are some examples of estrogen hormonal treatment?
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DES
ECP - What are the adverse effects of estrogen hormonal treatment?
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>bone marrow suppression
>prolonged estrus
>endometrosis
>cystic ovaries - What are progestins used for?
-
>prolonging and maintaining reprod. environment that fetus can stay in
>coordinate estrus in dog
>alleviate false pregnancy - What are some examples of progestins?
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Megesterol acetate (Ovaban)
Medroxyprogesterone acetate(depo-provera) - What are the uses of megesterol acetate?
-
>control estrus
>prevent vaginal hyperplasia
>control unacceptable male behavior
>Tx dermatoses
>inhibit spraying in cats - What is Medroxyprogesterone acetate used for?
-
>Tx male behaviors
>suppress estrus in dogs & cats
>Tx dermatological conditions - What are the androgens medical uses?
-
>Tx urinary incontinence in male dogs
>increase libido & fertility in domestic animals
>Tx and alleviate false pregnancy - Androgens are available in what form?
- parenteral only
- What are the medical uses for anabolic steroids?
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>promote increase of muscle mass
>stimulate appetite - What is an example of a anabolic steroid?
- Winstrol-V