Public Speaking Terms
Terms
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- Speech skills are necessary for social beings
- social imperative (3)
- Speech skills are necessary for engaging in reflective complaining and compliments
- consumer imperative (4)
- Speech skills are necessary for studying ethics, practical pholosophy, and the eloquant expression of the human spirit
- intellectual imperative (4)
- direct, in person, spoken connections between people
- orality (6)
- a trabsaction among people in public, rather than interpersonal settings
- interactive process (7)
- source of the message
- speaker (8)
- factual content of the speecha nd the speaker's attitudes and values on the topic
- message (8)
- someone who recieves and interprets the message
- listener (8)
- messages your listeners send to you before, during, and after your speech
- feedback (8)
- the social expectations and cultural rules that come into play when speakers and listeners interact
- context (8)
- the consideration of how you are looking, ethically, to you audience
- ethos (9)
- credibility or reputation
- ethics (9)
- Finding a higher value or appeal that will transcend the differences of your audience
- skyhook principle (10)
- the primary reason you will speak in public
- general purpose (20)
- the concrete goals you wish to achieve in a particular speech
- specific purpose (2)
- the statement that caputes the essence of the information or concept you wish to communicate to an audience
- central idea
- putting yourself in your listeners shoes
- audience orientation (24)
- anxienty you feel in particular settings or situations
- state aprehension (30)
- level of anxiety as you face any communication situation
- trait aprehension (30)
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drawing together ideas or stereotypes held by a group, attatching them to people or events
(Speech tends to be...) - interogative (52)
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repeating yourself in speaking, saying things on more than one way
(Speech tends to be...) - redundant (52)
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a group's traditional beliefs and values reflected in public oral language
("Better safe than sorry")
(Speech tends to be...) - traditionalist (52)
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being specific and to the point
(Speech tends to be...) - concrete (52)
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suggestion that when people gather to make decisions publically by speech, things get a little heated
(Speech tends to be...) - agonistically toned (53)
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the audience's personal involvment
(Speech tends to be...) - participatory (53)
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Dealing with issues in the here and now
(Speech tends to be...) - situational (53)
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cultures that coexist in a society as relatively complete ways of life
(a.k.a women and men) - co-cultures (54)
- smaller groups of people that define their lifestlyes at least in part by how they're different from the dominant culture
- subcultures (54)
- the recognition that a given country does not posess a unified culture
- Multiculturalism (54)
- habitual ways of thinking about positive and negative grounds for human thought and action
- value orientations (57)
- the variety of conceptial borders that can be put on a factually equivalent message
- rhetorical framing (61)
- the study of observable characteristics in a group of people
- demographic analysis (72)
- identifying what your listeners already thing and feel
- psychological profiling (75)
- convictions about what is true or false
- beliefs (76)
- tendencies to respond positively or negatively to people, objects, or ideas
- attitudes (77)
- basic concepts organazing one's orientation to life
- values (78)
- dividing your listeners into a series of subgroups or "target populations."
- audience segmentation (84)
- perception that all individuals in a group are the same
- stereotypes (87)
- firsthand accounts
- primary sources (92)
- accounts based on other sources of information other than firsthand
- secondary sources (92)
- searches in which you use such words as "and" or" or "not" to control the subject matter
- Boolean searches (94)
- way of obtaining answers to specific questions
- informational interview (99)
- made up examples
- hypothetical examples (102)
- recitations of events taht actually happened or people, places, and things that actually exist
- factual examples (102)
- numbers that show relationship between or among phenomena
- statistics (103)
- statistics that descripe a situation's seriousness
- Magnitudes (103)
- statistics used to isolate part of the problem caused by seperate factors, parts, or aspects
- segments (104)
- indicatiors that tell us about the past, the present, and the future
- trends (104)
- citiation of opinions or conclusion about others
- testimony (106)
- the unacknowledged inclusion of someone else's words, ideas, or data as ones own.
- plagiarism (107)
- order or sequence of ideas in a pattern that suggest thier relationship to each other
- organization (117)
- arranged ideas in a time sequence
- Chronological patterns (118)
- when the major points of the speech are organized by their position
- spatial patterns (118)
- speech organization that shows a relationship between cause and effects
- causal patterns (119)
- speech organization that lists aspects of persons, places, things, or processes
- topical patterns (12)
- beginning with what the auidience knows or believes and moving on to new or challenging ideas
- Familiarity-acceptance order (121)
- a step by step explanation of how you aqcquired information or reached a conclusion
- inquiry order (121)
- Speech organization used when advocating a change in action or thought
- problem-solution order (122)
- speech order that first surveys all the avaliable solutions and then systematically eliminates them until only one remains
- elimination order (122)
- outline that establishes the topic of your speech, clariefes your purpose, and identifies a reasonable number of subtopics
- rough outline (124)
- outline that uses key words or phtrases to jog your memory when you deliver your speech
- speaking outline (126)
- collection of facts and figures
- information (220)
- information that has been given human significance
- knowledge (220)
- defining concepts or processes in ways that make them relavent to listeners
- explanations (221)
- explanations that usually involve more elaboration and definitions to increase an audience's understanding of a particular field of knowledge
- lectures (221)
- the explanation and illustration of certain processes
- demonstrations (222)
- speech that arranges and interprets info gathered in response to a request made by a group
- oral report (222)
- the world of your own thoughts
- internal perceptual field (36)
- things in your physical environment that can distract you
- external perceptual field (37)
- 5 types of listening
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Appreciative - focus on somthing other than primary message
Discriminative - drawing conclusions from way message is presented instead of whats being said
Empathic listening - providing emotional support for speaker
Listening for comprension - looking to gain further insight
Critical Listening - interpreting and evaluating the message - RRA technique
- review, relate, and anticipate (41)
- concious examination of content and logic of a message
- critical thinking (45)
- what the listeners have heard first
- primacy effect
- what the listener heard last
- recency effect
- the factors of attention
- activity, reality, proximity, familiarity, novelty, suspense, conflict, humor, the vital.
- puting ideas into words or actions
- encoding (156)
- linking phrases that move an audience from 1 idea to another
- sighposts
- designation of using a word in a certain context
- stipulative definition (165)
- how you are not going to use an answer
- negative definition (165)
- giving the definition of a given word
- etymological definition (166)
- familiar examples
- Exemplar definitions (166)
- how a word is used in a specific situation
- contextual definition (166)
- comparing an unknown event with a known one
- analogical definition (167)
- types of speeches
- extemporaneous, impromptu, manuscript, and memorized.
- effective speaking voice:
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intelligibility, volume, rate, enunciation, dialect
variety, pitch, stress, empahsis - the use of space between human beings
- proxemics (185)
- nonverbal communication:
- posture, movement, affect displays (emotion on face), gestures
- cultural expectations for verbal communication
- scopic regime (198)
- visual aids;
- props,photos or slides, films,chalkboard, overhead,graphs (line, pie, bar), pictographs,tables, charts (flip, flow), models
- informative speeches
- explanation, lecture, demontration, oral report,
- geography sensitive lifestyle segmentation
- PRISM (243)
- impulse to satisfy a psychological-social want or biological urge
- motive need (248)
- visualization of a desire and a method for satisfiying it
- motivational appeal
- group of individual appeals grounded in same motivation
- motive cluster
- desire to belong to a group or to be accepted
- Affiliative motives (249)
- related to intrinsic or extrinsic desire for success
- achievment motives
- the desire to exert influences over others
- power motives
- Cause-Effect Patterns
- This pattern is used to show the different causes and effects of various conditions.
- Problem solution order
- When you advocate changes in action, or thought by explaining the problem, then proposing a solution.
- Topical pattern
- when you list aspects of persons,places,things or processses
- Question-answered order
- Raises and answers listeners questions.
- Begins with what the audience knows (familiar) and move on to new, challenging ideas, what they don\'t know.
- Familiarity-acceptance pattern
- Survey all the available solutions, and courses of actions, then eliminate, each of the possibilities until one remains.
- Elimination order
- Arranges ideas in a sequential patterns
- Chronological pattern
- Provides step-by-step explanation
- Inquiry order
- Major points organized by their position in relation to each other.
- Spatial pattern.
- a figure of speech in the form of a question that is asked in order to make a point and without the expectation of a reply
- Rhetorical question
- The use of space
- Proxemics
- Attention- Need-Satisfaction-Visualization- Action
- Monroe\'s motivated sequence
- is when a statement is assumed to be logically valid because of popular support.
- Bandwagon fallacy.
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Make a judgment.
Claims of value express disapproval and/or approval. - ⬢Claims of value
- of fact entail the hazard that the factual map is constantly being redrawn. New data could always force us to reconsider our conclusions.
- Claims of fact
- certain conditions should exist.
- Claims of policy