Microbiology - Parasites

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What are the four major protozoal groups classified by their mode of locomotion?: Amebas: extend cytoplasmic projections
Flagellates: rotate whip flagella
Ciliates: move by synchronous beating of hair like cilia
Sporozoa: Nonmotile adult forms
What are the clinically relevant Protozoan flagellates? (4 of them): Giardia Lamblia
Trichomonas Vaginalis
Trypanosoma Species
Leishmania Species
What are the clinically relevant protozoan Ameba?: Entamoeba Histolytica
What are the clinically relevant protozoan Sporozoan?: Cryptosporidium Parvum
Plasmodium Species
Toxoplasma Gondii
Babesia
What are 2 symptomatic characteristics of Entamoeba Histolytica infection?: Dysentery
Liver abscess
What protozoa can cause this clinical presentation: A patient presents with an enlarged, tender liver. Ultrasound analysis reveals a solitary cyst.: Entamoeba histolytica trophs can invade the liver and cause an abcess
What protozoa can cause this clinical presentation: A South African businessman presents with fever, chills and dark colored urine. A history reveals that the symptoms appear to be showing a periodicity of fever spikes approximately every 48 hours. A blo: Plasmodium falciparum
What protozoa would most likely cause a maternal infection leading to an undergrown fetus with a small head, purplish rash and enlarged liver: Toxoplasma is acquired by ingesting oocytes (often shed by cats) or transplacental transmission. Primary infection during pregnancy puts a patient at risk, especially during the first and second trimester
What flagellated protozoan associated with diarrhea?: Giardia lamblia
What sporozoan protozoan causes severe diarrhea in AIDS pts and watery diarrhea in non-HIV + ppl?: Cryptosporidium parvum
What organism causes this presentation: Your younger bro returned from summer camp in the Rockies. You notice that you canâ€™t get into the broom at home bc he seems to spend all day there. When u ask him if he has any probs, he says he is having frequen: Giardia lamblia
What is the laboratory test confirm a diagnosis of Malaria?: Thick smear of the peripheral blood
What is the current drug of choice that is administered prophylatically to protect travelers when visiting areas in Africa in which malaria is endemic?: Mefloquine - As there is often chloroquine resistance in malarial areas
What dz does case describe: A 5-yr old, from Mexico is seen in ER bc of painless swelling around the rt eye. The lid and globe are mildly inflamed. The dad states daughter has had a low temp, headache, and does not feel well. Exam fails to reveal trauma,: Chagas disease
Why does Plasmodia cause fever that reoccurs with a periodicity of either three or four days?: Emergence of intra-erythrocytic parasites
Lysis of red cells causes release of pyrogens that cause fever. This lysis is synchronized in the infected person
What is the vector for Chagas Dz?: Reduviid insects: This "kissing" bug feeds at night, biting the lips or near the eyes
Sickle cell disease is associated with increased resistance to what disease: Malaria
What protozoan parasites have arthropod vectors?: Trypanosoma Cruzi - Chagas' Disease: Reduviid bug
T. Gambiense/ Rhodesiense - African Sleeping Sickness: Tsetse fly
Leishmania donovani Kala-azar: Sandfly
Babesia - Babesiosis: Ixodes Tick
Plasmodium - Malaria: Female anopheles mosquito
What protozoan parasite can cause this presentation: A 32 year old male who has spent the summer in the Middle Atlantic States hiking the Appalachian Trail complains of fever, chills, arthralgia and malaise. Physical examination detects a palpable hepato: Babesia microti is passed to man via ticks which would be commonly encountered on a hike. The patient's symtpoms are very consistent with Babesia infection, a disease that's rather similar to Lyme disease
What Protozoans are treated with Metronidazole (FLAGYL)?: Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia Lamblia
Trichomonas Vaginalis
What is the feeding form of most protozoa?: Trophozite
What is the definitive host of Toxoplasma Gondii?: CAT
What is the treatment for Toxoplasma Gondii?: Pyrimethamine / sulfadiazine
What is the most pathogenic species of plasmodium?: Plasmodium falciparum
What forms of plasmodium can remain dormant in the liver?: Plasmodium Vivax
Plasmodium Ovale
What is the vector for Malaria (Plasmodium parasite)?: Female anonpheles mosquito
What is the mechanism of infection for plasmodium vivax?: Uses duffy bld group Ag to infect reticulocytes
What type of malaria does plasmodium ovale cause?: Benign Tertiary Malaria
What type of malaria does plasmodium malariae cause?: Quartan Malaria
What is the sexual and asexual phases of malaria caused?: Sexual: sporogony
Asexual: schizogony
What is the treatment for malaria?: Chloroquine
Mefloquine: for resistant strains
Primaquine: prevent relapse pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine
What form of plasmodium is released in mosquitoâ€™s saliva?: Sporozoites
What is the insect involved in the spread of Leishmaniasis ?: Sandfly
How is Entamoeba Histolytica (Amebiasis) transmitted?: Cysts in water
How is Giardia Lambia(Giardiasis) transmitted?: Cysts in water
How is Cryptosporidium transmitted?: Cysts in water
How is Toxoplasma Gondii transmitted?: Cysts in meat or cat feces
How is Trichomonas Vaginalis transmitted?: Sexually
What is the vector for Babesia/: Ixodes Tick
How is African Sleeping Sickness (T. gambiense/rhodiense) transmitted?: Tsetse Fly
What is the clinical picture of Babesiosis?: Mild Malaria like symptoms
What is the clinical picture of Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy?: Birth defects
What is the clinical picture of Toxoplasmosis in HIV + ppl?: Brain Abscess
What is the clinical picture of Malaria?: cyclic fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly
P. Falciprum: cerebral malaria
What is the clinical picture of Vaginitis caused by Trichomonas vaginitis?: Foul-smelling, greenish discharge, itching, burning
What is the clinical picture of Chagas' Dz?: Swelling around eye and hrt dz
Which protozoans infect the intestines?: Entamoeba Histolytica
Giardia Lamblia
Cryptosporidium parvum
How do you diagnose the protozoans that infect the intestines?: Cysts in stool, must use acid-fast to see cryptosporidium parvum and trophozoites may be present for both Giardia Lamblia and Entamoeba Histolytica
How do you diagnose Trichomonas Vaginalis?: Trophozoites seen on a wet mount
Which protozoans infect the blood?: Babesia, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma species and Leishmania species
How do you diagnose the protozoans that infect the blood?: Blood Smear, Babesia appears as Maltese cross w/ no RBC pigment and Toxoplasma: serology IgG/IgM
What organism causes this presentation in RBCs?: Babesia
What is the treatment for African trypanosomes causing African Sleeping Sickness?: Diamidines, arsenicals; DFMO at later stages
What are the clinical differences between the 2 organisms that cause African Sleeping Sickness ?: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense â€“ SLOW CNS involvement
Trypanosoma brucei rhodiense â€“ QUICK CNS involvement
What is a trypomastigote?: Hemoflagellate form found in man and animals
What is a epimastigote: Hemoflagellate form found in insect vector, is infectious
What is a promastigote: Hemoflagellate form found in found in insect vector and easiest to culture
What is a amastigote?: Hemoflagellate form intracellular form found in man. Only African trypanosomes do not have this stage.
What cell type does Leishmania infect?: Macrophages
How do you diagnose Leishmania?: Tissue biopsy of macrophages
How does Leishmania evade the host immune system?: superoxidase dismutase to resist killing by lysosomal enzymes
How does host cell immunity exacerbate Leishmania (braziliensis, major, tropica) lesions?: Immunity associated with production of IFN Gamma and TNF by CD4+ cells-
exacerbation of lesions associated with high levels of IL-4 which inhibits activation of
macrophages by TNF; blocked production of cytokines
What is the clinical picture of kala-azar caused by Leisshmania donovani?: fever, wt loss, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, death.

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