Public Speaking Midterm 2

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Deficiency Needs: Basic human needs
1. Biological Needs
2. Safety Needs
3. Belongingness and Love Needs
4. Self- and Social-Esteem Needs
Growth needs: Higher-order human needs
1. Self-actualization
2. Knowledge and Understanding
3. Aesthetic Needs
Transaction: Involves a simultaneous exchange of message between two or more people
System: A collection of interdependent parts, parts arranged so that a change in one produces corresponding changes in the remaining parts
Interdependence: Exists when things have a reciprocal influence on one another
Feedback: Audience members responses, both verbal and nonverbal, to a speaker
Message: Meaning produced by communicators
Content: Essential meaning of what a speaker wants to convey
Relational Component: Collective impact of the verbal and nonverbal components of a message as it is conveyed
Symbol: Something that stands for or suggest something else by reason of relationship
Encoding: Process by which ideas are translated into a code that can be understood by receiver
Decoding: Process by which code is translated back into ideas
Channel: Physical medium through which communication occurs
Perception: Process by which we give meaning to our experiences
Audience: Individuals who share in listening to a speech
Brainstorming: Creative process used to generate a large number of ideas
Credibility: Degree to which an audience trusts and believes in a speaker
General Purpose: Principle function of a speech, inform persuade, entertain
Specific Purpose: The goal or objective the speaker hopes to achieve in speaking to a particular audience
Thesis Statement: A single declarative sentence that focuses the audienceâ€™s attention on the central point of the speech
Invention: Creative process by which the substance of the speech is generated
Preview: A forecast of the main points of speech
Main Points: Key ideas that support the thesis statement of a speech
Signposts: Transitional statements that bridge main points
Manuscript Delivery: Mode of presentation that involves writing out a speech completely and reading it
Memorized Delivery: Mode in which speech is written and memorized before being presented
Impromptu Delivery: A spontaneous, unrehearsed mode of presenting a speech
Extemporaneous Delivery: A mode of presenting that combines careful preparation and spontaneous speaking
Speech Anxiety: Unpleasant thoughts or feelings aroused by the anticipation of a real or imagined speech in public
Communication Apprehension: Fear about communicating interpersonally and in groups, not just in public
Physiological Arousal: Physical change that occur when a personal is aroused, increased pulse or more energy
Coping Skills: Mental and physical techniques used to control arousal and anxiety
Self-Talk: Communicating silently to oneself (intrapersonal)
Negative Self-Talk: A self-defeating pattern of intrapersonal personal communication, self-criticizing, pressuring
Constructive Self-Talk: Positive coping statements instead of neg. self-talk
Visual Imagery: Process of mentally seeing oneself confidently and successfully performing an action or series of actions
Listening: Process of receiving, attending to, and assigning meaning to aural as well as visual and tactile stimuli
Active Listening: Listening that involves conscience and responsive participation in communication transaction
Active Mindfulness: Degree to which speakers and audiences are consciously aware of the transactions between them
Selective Attention: Making a conscious choice to focus on some people and some messages, rather than others
Sensorial Involvement: A process that involves listening with all the senses, not simply the sense of hearing
Comprehension: That act of understanding
Retention: The act of storing what was communicated in either short term or long-term memory
Culture: A learned system of beliefs customs and values
Context: Information that surrounds an event and contributes to the meaning of the event
Denotation: Generally agreed upon meaning of a word, usually found in the dictionary
Connotation: The secondary meaning of a word with a strong emotional personal and subjective component
Pinpoint Concentration: Listening that focuses on specific details rather than patterns in a message
Wide-band Concentration: Listening that focuses on patterns rather than details
Appreciative Listening: Listening that involves obtaining sensory stimulation or enjoyment from others
Critical Listening: Listening for the purpose of making reasoned judgments about speakers and credibility of their message
Cross Cue-Checking: Gauging what a person says verbally against the nonverbal behaviors that make up metacommunication
Short-Term Goals: Those ends that we can reasonably expect to achieve in the near term
Long-Term Goals: Those ends that we can hope to achieve only over an extended period of time
Audience Diversity: Cultural, demographic, and individual characteristics that vary among audience members
Demographics: Basic and vital data regarding any population
Cultural Diversity: Differences among people in terms of beliefs customs and values- in a sense of their worldview
Demographic Diversity: Variations among people in terms of such attributes as socioeconomic background and level of education
Socioeconomic Status: Social grouping and economic class to which people belong
Individual Diversity: How individuals in an audience differ in terms of knowledge beliefs attitudes value
Belief: An assertion about the properties or characteristics of an object
Primitive Beliefs: Learned by different contact with the object if belief and reinforced be unanimous social consensus
Central Beliefs: Based directly or indirectly on authority
Peripheral Beliefs: Least central type of beliefs and easiest to change
Attitude: A learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object
Values: Our most enduring beliefs about right and wrong
Rhetorical Situation: A natural context of persons events objects relations and an exigence (goal) which strongly invites utterance
Constraint: Limitation on choices in a speech situation
Ethics: System of principles of right and wrong that govern human conduct
Ethical Relativism: No universal ethical principles
Cultural Relativism: Ethical criteria in one culture should not apply to others
Universalism: There are ethical standards that apply to all situations regardless of the group or cultural
Categorical Imperative: Kantâ€™s ethical principle that we should act only in way that we would will to an universal law.
Utilitarianism: Greatest among of happiness for greatest number of people
Situational Ethics: Overriding ethical maxims, but you should set them aside in situations to fulfill a higher law or principle
Good Reasons: Statements based on moral principles
Goodwill: Perception by the audience that speaker cares about their needs and concerns
Fact: Something that is verifiable as true
Secondary Sources: Information sources that rely on other primary sources rather than gathering info firsthand
Primary Source: Original source of info
Statistics: Numerical summaries of data
Expert Opinion: Quotation from someone with special credentials on subject matter
Narrative: Extended story that is fully developed
Narrative Probability: Internal coherence of believability of a narrative
Narrative Fidelity: Degree to which a narrative tings true to real life experiences
Research: Process of gathering info
Boolean Operators: Terms such as: and, or, & not used to narrow or broaden a computerized search or two
Index: Listing of sources of info
Abstract: Summary of an article or a report
Subpoint: An idea that supports a main point
Supporting Points: Idea that supports a subpoint
Time Pattern: Patter of organization based on chronology or a sequence of events
Extended Narrative: Pattern of organization in which the entire body of the speech is the telling pf a story
Spatial Pattern: Pattern of organization based physical space or geography
Categorical Pattern: Pattern of organization based on natural divisions in the subject matter
Problem Solution Pattern: Analyzes a problem in terms of harm, significance, cause, and proposes a solution that is described, feasible, and advantageous
Stock Issues Pattern: 4-point pattern of organization that is based on 1. ill, 2. blame, 3. cure, and 4. cost
Refutational Pattern: Pattern of organization that involves stating the argument refuted, stating the objection to the argument, proving the objection to the argument, presenting the impact of the refutation
Casual Pattern: Moves from cause to effect of effect to cause
Monroeâ€™s Motivated Sequence: A 5-step organizational scheme, developed by Alan Monroe, including: 1. attention, 2. need, 3. satisfaction, 4. visualization, 5. action
Call And Response Pattern: Call by the speaker followed by response from the audience
Spiral Pattern: Employs repetition of points, with points growing in intensity as the speech builds to its conclusion
Star Pattern: All the points are of equal importance are presented in order of common theme
Wave Pattern: Main theme is represented by a phrase is repeated again and again
Rhetorical Question: Question that the audience isnâ€™t expected to answer out loud
Formal Outline: Detailed outline used in speech preparation, but not, in most cases, in the actual presentation
Speakerâ€™s Notes: Brief notes with key words, usually written on cards, used by a speaker when presenting a speech
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis: The idea that what people perceive is influenced by language in which they think and speak
Receiver-Centric: Personâ€™s assumption that the meaning he or she gives to a word or phrase is its exclusive meaning
Inclusive Language: Language that helps people believe that they not only have a stake in matters of societal importance but also have power in this regard
Marginalizing Language: Language that diminishes peopleâ€™s importance and makes them appear to be less powerful
Totalizing Language: Language that defines people exclusively on the basis of a single attribute, such as race
Competence-Enhancing Language: Words that emphasize rather than undermine audience perceptions of a speakerâ€™s competence
Verbal Qualifiers: Words and phrases that erode the impact of what a speaker says in a speech
Language Intensity: Degree to which words and phrases deviate from neutral
Sexist Language: Languages such as housewife and fireman, that stereotype gender roles
Nonverbal Behavior: Wordless system of communication
Environment: Physical surroundings as you speak and distance from audience
Zone Of Interaction: Area of audience in which speaker and audience members can make eye contact
Emblem: Nonverbal symbol that can be substituted for a word
Illustrators: Nonverbal symbols used to visualize what is being spoken
Regulators: Nonverbal behaviors that influence the speech transaction
Self-Adapting Behaviors: Nonverbal behaviors used to cope with nervousness
Proactive Delivery: Planned and rehearsed presentation
Presentational Media: Channels of communication that extend the five basic senses: touch, sight, sound, taste, and smell
Visual Media: The use of the sense of sight to communicate a message
Pie Chart: Graph often used to show proportions of a known quantity
Line Graph: Graphic used to shows points in time
Bar Chart: Graphic used for comparing data side by side
Organizational Chart: Graphic that illustrates hierarchal relationships
Flow Chart: Graphic designed to illustrate spatial relationships or sequence of events process
Flip Chart: Large tablet used to preview the outline of a presentation or to record info generated by an audience
Overhead Transparency: Graphic that can be projected
Audio Media: Aural channels you can use to augment your speech, record a famous speaker
Ganas: Spanish term that loosely translates as the desire to succeed
Informative Speaking: Process by which audience gains new info or perspective on old info
Learning Styles: Difference in the way people think and learn about new info
Audience Involving: Informative topic and speech that succeeds in gaining the audiences attention
Audience Appropriate: Informative topic and speech that takes into account the occasion and audience membersâ€™ belief systems
Audience Accessible: Content the audience is able to understand, regardless of complexity

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Number of cards 140