Module 1
Terms
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- Empiricism
- Knowledge comes from experience via the senses
- Structuralism
- used introspections (looking in) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
- Functionalism
- the school of psychology associated with William James that emphasized the functions of psychological process that help people survive or adpt to the envirnoment
- Psychology
- The science of behavior (what we do) and mental process (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thought, beliefs, and feelings).
- Nature-nurture controversy
- The relative contribution that genes and experience make to develpment of psychological traits and behaviors
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Psychology's Subfields
Basic Research- - Biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, and social
- Biological Psychologists
- Explore the links between brain and mind
- Developmental Psychologists
- Study changing abilities from womb to tomb
- Cognitive Psychologists
- Study how we percieve, think, and sovle problems
- Personality Psychologists
- Investigate our persistent traits
- Social Psychologists
- Explore how we view and affect one another
- Wilhelm Wundt
- Opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig (c. 1879)
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Natural Selection
(Evolution, Darwinism) - Principle that those inherited trait variations contributing to survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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Psychology's Subfields
Applied Research - Industrials/ organizations, and Clinical Psychologists
- Psychiatry
- A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders (practical by physicians use medical treatments as well as psychotherapy)
- Industrial/ Organizations psychologists
- Study and advise on behavior in the workplace
- Clinical Psychologists
- Study, assess, and treat people with psychological disorders (mental)
- Wilhelm Wundt was a _________
- Structuralism
- William James was a _________
- Functionalism
- Ivan Pavlov was a __________
- Classical Condintioning
- Sigmund Freud was a __________
- Psychoanalysis
- John B. Watson and Pavlov were ________
- Behaviorism
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Hindsight Bias
(9/11) - We tend to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have forseen it. The I knew it all along phenomenon.
- Overconfidence
- We tend to think we know more than we do. (Countries suffer from this)
- Critical Thinking
- Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
- Examples of Critical Thinking
- Examins assumptions, Discerns hidden values, Evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
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Theory
Ex: evolution - An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
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Hypothesis
(educated guess, testable predictions) - A testable predictions, often implied as a theory
- Operational Definition
- A statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables. Ex: intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelliegence test measures.