Psychology terms Chapter 4 & 5
Terms
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- Who described consciousness as a "stream" or "river"
- William James
- Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment
- consciousness
- A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hourse long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes
- circadian rythm
- A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythm
- suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
- A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness
- melatonin
- An instrument that uses elctrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record brain's external activity
- electroencephalograph
- The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph
- EEG
- Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed
- REM sleep
- Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages
- NREM sleep
- Brain-wave patter associated with alert wakefulness
- beta brain waves
- brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness
- alpha brain waves
- Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during onset of sleep. occurs during transisition from wakefulness to light sleep.
- hypnagogic hallucinations
- Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep
- K complex
- a temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night.
- sleep paralysis
- A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first oppurtunity to sleep uninterrupted
- REM rebound
- The view that sleep and dreaming are essiential to normal physical and mental functioning
- restorative theory of sleep
- The view that the unique sleep pattern of different animals are evolved over time to help promote survival and environmenatal adaption
- adaptive theory of sleep
- serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress
- sleep disorders
- a condition in which a person regularly experiances an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequetly rested by sleep.
- insomnia
- a condition in which unpleasent sensation in the lower legs are accompanied by an irresistible urge to move the legs, temporarily relieving the unpleasent sensation but disrupting sleep
- restless leg syndrome (RLS)
- a sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep
- sleep apnea
- a sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage # or stage 4 NREM sleep
- sleepwalking
- a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day
- narcolepsy
- a sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion
- cataplexy
- repetitive, bland, and uncreative ruminations about real-life events during sleep
- sleep thinking
- a storylike episode of unfolding mental imagery during sleep
- dream
- a category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness
- barbiturates
- depressant drugs that relieve anxiety
- tranquilizers
- A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties
- opiates
- a category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness
- stimulants
- a class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervouse system and suppress appetite
- amphetamines
- a stimulant drug derived drom the coca tree
- coacine
- a category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking
- psychedelic drugs
- a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experiance
- learning
- The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses
- conditioning
- Psychologists who used dogs to investagate the role of saliva in digestion
- Ivan Pavlov
- the basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response
- classical conditioning
- Th neutral stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for proir learning
- unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
- unconditioned response (UCR)
- A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response
- conditioned stimulus (CS)
- The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus
- conditioned response (CR)
- The basic learning process that involves changing the probaility that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response
- operant conditioning
- The occurence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated
- reinforcement
- a situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations
- postive reinforcement
- A stituation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations
- negative reinforcement
- A stinulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities
- primary reinforcer
- A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer
- conditioned reinforcer
- The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resisitant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement
- partial reinforcement effect
- The delivery of a reinforcer according to a present pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses
- schedule of reinforcement
- A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delievered after a fixed number or responses has occured
- fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
- A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcement is delieverd after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial
- variable-ratio (VR) schedule
- A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delievered for the first response that occurs after a present time interval has elapsed
- fixed-interval (FI)
- a reinforcment schedule in which a reinforcer is deliever for the first repsonse that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial
- variable-interval (VI) schedule